From a23eadfae2fd45536a355b785d5a1533e1955c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Tommaso Cucinotta Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2016 11:44:50 +0200 Subject: sched/deadline: Fix wrap-around in DL heap Current code in cpudeadline.c has a bug in re-heapifying when adding a new element at the end of the heap, because a deadline value of 0 is temporarily set in the new elem, then cpudl_change_key() is called with the actual elem deadline as param. However, the function compares the new deadline to set with the one previously in the elem, which is 0. So, if current absolute deadlines grew so much to have negative values as s64, the comparison in cpudl_change_key() makes the wrong decision. Instead, as from dl_time_before(), the kernel should handle correctly abs deadlines wrap-arounds. This patch fixes the problem with a minimally invasive change that forces cpudl_change_key() to heapify up in this case. Signed-off-by: Tommaso Cucinotta Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) Reviewed-by: Luca Abeni Cc: Juri Lelli Cc: Juri Lelli Cc: Linus Torvalds Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Thomas Gleixner Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468921493-10054-2-git-send-email-tommaso.cucinotta@sssup.it Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar diff --git a/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c b/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c index 5be5882..d418449 100644 --- a/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c +++ b/kernel/sched/cpudeadline.c @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ void cpudl_set(struct cpudl *cp, int cpu, u64 dl, int is_valid) if (old_idx == IDX_INVALID) { cp->size++; - cp->elements[cp->size - 1].dl = 0; + cp->elements[cp->size - 1].dl = dl; cp->elements[cp->size - 1].cpu = cpu; cp->elements[cpu].idx = cp->size - 1; cpudl_change_key(cp, cp->size - 1, dl); -- cgit v0.10.2 From b8922125e4790fa237a8a4204562ecf457ef54bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xunlei Pang Date: Sat, 9 Jul 2016 15:54:22 +0800 Subject: sched/fair: Fix typo in sync_throttle() We should update cfs_rq->throttled_clock_task, not pcfs_rq->throttle_clock_task. The effects of this bug was probably occasionally erratic group scheduling, particularly in cgroups-intense workloads. Signed-off-by: Xunlei Pang [ Added changelog. ] Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) Acked-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov Cc: Linus Torvalds Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Thomas Gleixner Fixes: 55e16d30bd99 ("sched/fair: Rework throttle_count sync") Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468050862-18864-1-git-send-email-xlpang@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar diff --git a/kernel/sched/fair.c b/kernel/sched/fair.c index 4088eed..039de34 100644 --- a/kernel/sched/fair.c +++ b/kernel/sched/fair.c @@ -4269,7 +4269,7 @@ static void sync_throttle(struct task_group *tg, int cpu) pcfs_rq = tg->parent->cfs_rq[cpu]; cfs_rq->throttle_count = pcfs_rq->throttle_count; - pcfs_rq->throttled_clock_task = rq_clock_task(cpu_rq(cpu)); + cfs_rq->throttled_clock_task = rq_clock_task(cpu_rq(cpu)); } /* conditionally throttle active cfs_rq's from put_prev_entity() */ -- cgit v0.10.2 From 6075620b0590eaf22f10ce88833eb20a57f760d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Giovanni Gherdovich Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2016 10:21:56 +0200 Subject: sched/cputime: Mitigate performance regression in times()/clock_gettime() Commit: 6e998916dfe3 ("sched/cputime: Fix clock_nanosleep()/clock_gettime() inconsistency") fixed a problem whereby clock_nanosleep() followed by clock_gettime() could allow a task to wake early. It addressed the problem by calling the scheduling classes update_curr() when the cputimer starts. Said change induced a considerable performance regression on the syscalls times() and clock_gettimes(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID). There are some debuggers and applications that monitor their own performance that accidentally depend on the performance of these specific calls. This patch mitigates the performace loss by prefetching data in the CPU cache, as stalls due to cache misses appear to be where most time is spent in our benchmarks. Here are the performance gain of this patch over v4.7-rc7 on a Sandy Bridge box with 32 logical cores and 2 NUMA nodes. The test is repeated with a variable number of threads, from 2 to 4*num_cpus; the results are in seconds and correspond to the average of 10 runs; the percentage gain is computed with (before-after)/before so a positive value is an improvement (it's faster). The improvement varies between a few percents for 5-20 threads and more than 10% for 2 or >20 threads. pound_clock_gettime: threads 4.7-rc7 patched 4.7-rc7 [num] [secs] [secs (percent)] 2 3.48 3.06 ( 11.83%) 5 3.33 3.25 ( 2.40%) 8 3.37 3.26 ( 3.30%) 12 3.32 3.37 ( -1.60%) 21 4.01 3.90 ( 2.74%) 30 3.63 3.36 ( 7.41%) 48 3.71 3.11 ( 16.27%) 79 3.75 3.16 ( 15.74%) 110 3.81 3.25 ( 14.80%) 128 3.88 3.31 ( 14.76%) pound_times: threads 4.7-rc7 patched 4.7-rc7 [num] [secs] [secs (percent)] 2 3.65 3.25 ( 11.03%) 5 3.45 3.17 ( 7.92%) 8 3.52 3.22 ( 8.69%) 12 3.29 3.36 ( -2.04%) 21 4.07 3.92 ( 3.78%) 30 3.87 3.40 ( 12.17%) 48 3.79 3.16 ( 16.61%) 79 3.88 3.28 ( 15.42%) 110 3.90 3.38 ( 13.35%) 128 4.00 3.38 ( 15.45%) pound_clock_gettime and pound_clock_gettime are two benchmarks included in the MMTests framework. They launch a given number of threads which repeatedly call times() or clock_gettimes(). The results above can be reproduced with cloning MMTests from github.com and running the "poundtime" workload: $ git clone https://github.com/gormanm/mmtests.git $ cd mmtests $ cp configs/config-global-dhp__workload_poundtime config $ ./run-mmtests.sh --run-monitor $(uname -r) The above will run "poundtime" measuring the kernel currently running on the machine; Once a new kernel is installed and the machine rebooted, running again $ cd mmtests $ ./run-mmtests.sh --run-monitor $(uname -r) will produce results to compare with. A comparison table will be output with: $ cd mmtests/work/log $ ../../compare-kernels.sh the table will contain a lot of entries; grepping for "Amean" (as in "arithmetic mean") will give the tables presented above. The source code for the two benchmarks is reported at the end of this changelog for clairity. The cache misses addressed by this patch were found using a combination of `perf top`, `perf record` and `perf annotate`. The incriminated lines were found to be struct sched_entity *curr = cfs_rq->curr; and delta_exec = now - curr->exec_start; in the function update_curr() from kernel/sched/fair.c. This patch prefetches the data from memory just before update_curr is called in the interested execution path. A comparison of the total number of cycles before and after the patch follows; the data is obtained using `perf stat -r 10 -ddd ` running over the same sequence of number of threads used above (a positive gain is an improvement): threads cycles before cycles after gain 2 19,699,563,964 +-1.19% 17,358,917,517 +-1.85% 11.88% 5 47,401,089,566 +-2.96% 45,103,730,829 +-0.97% 4.85% 8 80,923,501,004 +-3.01% 71,419,385,977 +-0.77% 11.74% 12 112,326,485,473 +-0.47% 110,371,524,403 +-0.47% 1.74% 21 193,455,574,299 +-0.72% 180,120,667,904 +-0.36% 6.89% 30 315,073,519,013 +-1.64% 271,222,225,950 +-1.29% 13.92% 48 321,969,515,332 +-1.48% 273,353,977,321 +-1.16% 15.10% 79 337,866,003,422 +-0.97% 289,462,481,538 +-1.05% 14.33% 110 338,712,691,920 +-0.78% 290,574,233,170 +-0.77% 14.21% 128 348,384,794,006 +-0.50% 292,691,648,206 +-0.66% 15.99% A comparison of cache miss vs total cache loads ratios, before and after the patch (again from the `perf stat -r 10 -ddd ` tables): threads L1 misses/total*100 L1 misses/total*100 gain before after 2 7.43 +-4.90% 7.36 +-4.70% 0.94% 5 13.09 +-4.74% 13.52 +-3.73% -3.28% 8 13.79 +-5.61% 12.90 +-3.27% 6.45% 12 11.57 +-2.44% 8.71 +-1.40% 24.72% 21 12.39 +-3.92% 9.97 +-1.84% 19.53% 30 13.91 +-2.53% 11.73 +-2.28% 15.67% 48 13.71 +-1.59% 12.32 +-1.97% 10.14% 79 14.44 +-0.66% 13.40 +-1.06% 7.20% 110 15.86 +-0.50% 14.46 +-0.59% 8.83% 128 16.51 +-0.32% 15.06 +-0.78% 8.78% As a final note, the following shows the evolution of performance figures in the "poundtime" benchmark and pinpoints commit 6e998916dfe3 ("sched/cputime: Fix clock_nanosleep()/clock_gettime() inconsistency") as a major source of degradation, mostly unaddressed to this day (figures expressed in seconds). pound_clock_gettime: threads parent of 6e998916dfe3 4.7-rc7 6e998916dfe3 itself 2 2.23 3.68 ( -64.56%) 3.48 (-55.48%) 5 2.83 3.78 ( -33.42%) 3.33 (-17.43%) 8 2.84 4.31 ( -52.12%) 3.37 (-18.76%) 12 3.09 3.61 ( -16.74%) 3.32 ( -7.17%) 21 3.14 4.63 ( -47.36%) 4.01 (-27.71%) 30 3.28 5.75 ( -75.37%) 3.63 (-10.80%) 48 3.02 6.05 (-100.56%) 3.71 (-22.99%) 79 2.88 6.30 (-118.90%) 3.75 (-30.26%) 110 2.95 6.46 (-119.00%) 3.81 (-29.24%) 128 3.05 6.42 (-110.08%) 3.88 (-27.04%) pound_times: threads parent of 6e998916dfe3 4.7-rc7 6e998916dfe3 itself 2 2.27 3.73 ( -64.71%) 3.65 (-61.14%) 5 2.78 3.77 ( -35.56%) 3.45 (-23.98%) 8 2.79 4.41 ( -57.71%) 3.52 (-26.05%) 12 3.02 3.56 ( -17.94%) 3.29 ( -9.08%) 21 3.10 4.61 ( -48.74%) 4.07 (-31.34%) 30 3.33 5.75 ( -72.53%) 3.87 (-16.01%) 48 2.96 6.06 (-105.04%) 3.79 (-28.10%) 79 2.88 6.24 (-116.83%) 3.88 (-34.81%) 110 2.98 6.37 (-114.08%) 3.90 (-31.12%) 128 3.10 6.35 (-104.61%) 4.00 (-28.87%) The source code of the two benchmarks follows. To compile the two: NR_THREADS=42 for FILE in pound_times pound_clock_gettime; do gcc -lrt -O2 -lpthread -DNUM_THREADS=$NR_THREADS $FILE.c -o $FILE done ==== BEGIN pound_times.c ==== struct tms start; void *pound (void *threadid) { struct tms end; int oldutime = 0; int utime; int i; for (i = 0; i < 5000000 / NUM_THREADS; i++) { times(&end); utime = ((int)end.tms_utime - (int)start.tms_utime); if (oldutime > utime) { printf("utime decreased, was %d, now %d!\n", oldutime, utime); } oldutime = utime; } pthread_exit(NULL); } int main() { pthread_t th[NUM_THREADS]; long i; times(&start); for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) { pthread_create (&th[i], NULL, pound, (void *)i); } pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; } ==== END pound_times.c ==== ==== BEGIN pound_clock_gettime.c ==== void *pound (void *threadid) { struct timespec ts; int rc, i; unsigned long prev = 0, this = 0; for (i = 0; i < 5000000 / NUM_THREADS; i++) { rc = clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &ts); if (rc < 0) perror("clock_gettime"); this = (ts.tv_sec * 1000000000) + ts.tv_nsec; if (0 && this < prev) printf("%lu ns timewarp at iteration %d\n", prev - this, i); prev = this; } pthread_exit(NULL); } int main() { pthread_t th[NUM_THREADS]; long rc, i; pid_t pgid; for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) { rc = pthread_create(&th[i], NULL, pound, (void *)i); if (rc < 0) perror("pthread_create"); } pthread_exit(NULL); return 0; } ==== END pound_clock_gettime.c ==== Suggested-by: Mike Galbraith Signed-off-by: Giovanni Gherdovich Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) Cc: Linus Torvalds Cc: Mel Gorman Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Stanislaw Gruszka Cc: Thomas Gleixner Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1470385316-15027-2-git-send-email-ggherdovich@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar diff --git a/kernel/sched/core.c b/kernel/sched/core.c index 5c883fe..2a906f2 100644 --- a/kernel/sched/core.c +++ b/kernel/sched/core.c @@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ #include #include #include +#include #include #include @@ -2972,6 +2973,23 @@ EXPORT_PER_CPU_SYMBOL(kstat); EXPORT_PER_CPU_SYMBOL(kernel_cpustat); /* + * The function fair_sched_class.update_curr accesses the struct curr + * and its field curr->exec_start; when called from task_sched_runtime(), + * we observe a high rate of cache misses in practice. + * Prefetching this data results in improved performance. + */ +static inline void prefetch_curr_exec_start(struct task_struct *p) +{ +#ifdef CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED + struct sched_entity *curr = (&p->se)->cfs_rq->curr; +#else + struct sched_entity *curr = (&task_rq(p)->cfs)->curr; +#endif + prefetch(curr); + prefetch(&curr->exec_start); +} + +/* * Return accounted runtime for the task. * In case the task is currently running, return the runtime plus current's * pending runtime that have not been accounted yet. @@ -3005,6 +3023,7 @@ unsigned long long task_sched_runtime(struct task_struct *p) * thread, breaking clock_gettime(). */ if (task_current(rq, p) && task_on_rq_queued(p)) { + prefetch_curr_exec_start(p); update_rq_clock(rq); p->sched_class->update_curr(rq); } -- cgit v0.10.2 From c0c8c9fa210c9a042060435f17e40ba4a76d6d6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Wanpeng Li Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2016 09:42:20 +0800 Subject: sched/deadline: Fix lock pinning warning during CPU hotplug The following warning can be triggered by hot-unplugging the CPU on which an active SCHED_DEADLINE task is running on: WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 0 at kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3531 lock_release+0x690/0x6a0 releasing a pinned lock Call Trace: dump_stack+0x99/0xd0 __warn+0xd1/0xf0 ? dl_task_timer+0x1a1/0x2b0 warn_slowpath_fmt+0x4f/0x60 ? sched_clock+0x13/0x20 lock_release+0x690/0x6a0 ? enqueue_pushable_dl_task+0x9b/0xa0 ? enqueue_task_dl+0x1ca/0x480 _raw_spin_unlock+0x1f/0x40 dl_task_timer+0x1a1/0x2b0 ? push_dl_task.part.31+0x190/0x190 WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 0 at kernel/locking/lockdep.c:3649 lock_unpin_lock+0x181/0x1a0 unpinning an unpinned lock Call Trace: dump_stack+0x99/0xd0 __warn+0xd1/0xf0 warn_slowpath_fmt+0x4f/0x60 lock_unpin_lock+0x181/0x1a0 dl_task_timer+0x127/0x2b0 ? push_dl_task.part.31+0x190/0x190 As per the comment before this code, its safe to drop the RQ lock here, and since we (potentially) change rq, unpin and repin to avoid the splat. Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li [ Rewrote changelog. ] Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) Cc: Juri Lelli Cc: Linus Torvalds Cc: Luca Abeni Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Thomas Gleixner Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1470274940-17976-1-git-send-email-wanpeng.li@hotmail.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar diff --git a/kernel/sched/deadline.c b/kernel/sched/deadline.c index fcb7f02..1ce8867 100644 --- a/kernel/sched/deadline.c +++ b/kernel/sched/deadline.c @@ -658,8 +658,11 @@ static enum hrtimer_restart dl_task_timer(struct hrtimer *timer) * * XXX figure out if select_task_rq_dl() deals with offline cpus. */ - if (unlikely(!rq->online)) + if (unlikely(!rq->online)) { + lockdep_unpin_lock(&rq->lock, rf.cookie); rq = dl_task_offline_migration(rq, p); + rf.cookie = lockdep_pin_lock(&rq->lock); + } /* * Queueing this task back might have overloaded rq, check if we need -- cgit v0.10.2 From f9bcf1e0e0145323ba2cf72ecad5264ff3883eb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Wanpeng Li Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2016 13:36:35 +0800 Subject: sched/cputime: Fix steal time accounting Commit: 57430218317 ("sched/cputime: Count actually elapsed irq & softirq time") ... didn't take steal time into consideration with passing the noirqtime kernel parameter. As Paolo pointed out before: | Why not? If idle=poll, for example, any time the guest is suspended (and | thus cannot poll) does count as stolen time. This patch fixes it by reducing steal time from idle time accounting when the noirqtime parameter is true. The average idle time drops from 56.8% to 54.75% for nohz idle kvm guest(noirqtime, idle=poll, four vCPUs running on one pCPU). Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li Cc: Frederic Weisbecker Cc: Linus Torvalds Cc: Paolo Bonzini Cc: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Radim Cc: Rik van Riel Cc: Thomas Gleixner Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1470893795-3527-1-git-send-email-wanpeng.li@hotmail.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar diff --git a/kernel/sched/cputime.c b/kernel/sched/cputime.c index 1934f65..8b9bcc5 100644 --- a/kernel/sched/cputime.c +++ b/kernel/sched/cputime.c @@ -508,13 +508,20 @@ void account_process_tick(struct task_struct *p, int user_tick) */ void account_idle_ticks(unsigned long ticks) { - + cputime_t cputime, steal; if (sched_clock_irqtime) { irqtime_account_idle_ticks(ticks); return; } - account_idle_time(jiffies_to_cputime(ticks)); + cputime = cputime_one_jiffy; + steal = steal_account_process_time(cputime); + + if (steal >= cputime) + return; + + cputime -= steal; + account_idle_time(cputime); } /* -- cgit v0.10.2 From 26f2c75cd2cf10a6120ef02ca9a94db77cc9c8e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frederic Weisbecker Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2016 14:58:24 +0200 Subject: sched/cputime: Fix omitted ticks passed in parameter Commit: f9bcf1e0e014 ("sched/cputime: Fix steal time accounting") ... fixes a leak on steal time accounting but forgets to account the ticks passed in parameters, assuming there is only one to take into account. Let's consider that parameter back. Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker Acked-by: Wanpeng Li Cc: Linus Torvalds Cc: Paolo Bonzini Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Radim Cc: Rik van Riel Cc: Thomas Gleixner Cc: Wanpeng Li Cc: linux-tip-commits@vger.kernel.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160811125822.GB4214@lerouge Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar diff --git a/kernel/sched/cputime.c b/kernel/sched/cputime.c index 8b9bcc5..9858266 100644 --- a/kernel/sched/cputime.c +++ b/kernel/sched/cputime.c @@ -509,12 +509,13 @@ void account_process_tick(struct task_struct *p, int user_tick) void account_idle_ticks(unsigned long ticks) { cputime_t cputime, steal; + if (sched_clock_irqtime) { irqtime_account_idle_ticks(ticks); return; } - cputime = cputime_one_jiffy; + cputime = jiffies_to_cputime(ticks); steal = steal_account_process_time(cputime); if (steal >= cputime) -- cgit v0.10.2