From f8dda74fb4139f026571b46d8d17f67e75aa157c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stanislav Fomichev Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 20:03:40 +0400 Subject: perf timechart: Fix rendering in Firefox Firefox doesn't correctly handle cases where we specify number in quotes and have some padding around the number, like the following: In this case, it doesn't draw the figure. This patch removes 'field width' component from fprintf strings to fix it. Signed-off-by: Stanislav Fomichev Acked-by: Namhyung Kim Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/1404835423-23098-2-git-send-email-stfomichev@yandex-team.ru Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa diff --git a/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c b/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c index 6a0a13d..27caf0f 100644 --- a/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c +++ b/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ void svg_box(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, const char *type) if (!svgfile) return; - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), time2pixels(end)-time2pixels(start), Yslot * SLOT_MULT, SLOT_HEIGHT, type); } @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ void svg_running(int Yslot, int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, const char *backtrace) cpu, time_to_string(end - start)); if (backtrace) fprintf(svgfile, "Switched because:\n%s\n", backtrace); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), time2pixels(end)-time2pixels(start), Yslot * SLOT_MULT, SLOT_HEIGHT, type); @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ void svg_running(int Yslot, int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, const char *backtrace) text_size = round_text_size(text_size); if (text_size > MIN_TEXT_SIZE) - fprintf(svgfile, "%i\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%i\n", time2pixels(start), Yslot * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT - 1, text_size, cpu + 1); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -202,10 +202,10 @@ static char *time_to_string(u64 duration) return text; if (duration < 1000 * 1000) { /* less than 1 msec */ - sprintf(text, "%4.1f us", duration / 1000.0); + sprintf(text, "%.1f us", duration / 1000.0); return text; } - sprintf(text, "%4.1f ms", duration / 1000.0 / 1000); + sprintf(text, "%.1f ms", duration / 1000.0 / 1000); return text; } @@ -233,14 +233,14 @@ void svg_waiting(int Yslot, int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, const char *backtrace) font_size = round_text_size(font_size); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), Yslot * SLOT_MULT); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), Yslot * SLOT_MULT); fprintf(svgfile, "#%d waiting %s\n", cpu, time_to_string(end - start)); if (backtrace) fprintf(svgfile, "Waiting on:\n%s\n", backtrace); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(end)-time2pixels(start), SLOT_HEIGHT, style); if (font_size > MIN_TEXT_SIZE) - fprintf(svgfile, " %s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, " %s\n", font_size, text); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); } @@ -289,16 +289,16 @@ void svg_cpu_box(int cpu, u64 __max_freq, u64 __turbo_freq) fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(first_time), time2pixels(last_time)-time2pixels(first_time), cpu2y(cpu), SLOT_MULT+SLOT_HEIGHT); sprintf(cpu_string, "CPU %i", (int)cpu); - fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", 10+time2pixels(first_time), cpu2y(cpu) + SLOT_HEIGHT/2, cpu_string); - fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", 10+time2pixels(first_time), cpu2y(cpu) + SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT - 4, cpu_model()); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -319,11 +319,11 @@ void svg_process(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, int pid, const char *name, const c else type = "sample"; - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), cpu2y(cpu)); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), cpu2y(cpu)); fprintf(svgfile, "%d %s running %s\n", pid, name, time_to_string(end - start)); if (backtrace) fprintf(svgfile, "Switched because:\n%s\n", backtrace); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(end)-time2pixels(start), SLOT_MULT+SLOT_HEIGHT, type); width = time2pixels(end)-time2pixels(start); if (width > 6) @@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ void svg_process(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, int pid, const char *name, const c width = round_text_size(width); if (width > MIN_TEXT_SIZE) - fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", width, name); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ void svg_cstate(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, int type) type = 6; sprintf(style, "c%i", type); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", style, time2pixels(start), time2pixels(end)-time2pixels(start), cpu2y(cpu), SLOT_MULT+SLOT_HEIGHT); @@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ void svg_cstate(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, int type) width = round_text_size(width); if (width > MIN_TEXT_SIZE) - fprintf(svgfile, "C%i\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "C%i\n", time2pixels(start), cpu2y(cpu)+width, width, type); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -407,9 +407,9 @@ void svg_pstate(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, u64 freq) if (max_freq) height = freq * 1.0 / max_freq * (SLOT_HEIGHT + SLOT_MULT); height = 1 + cpu2y(cpu) + SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT - height; - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), time2pixels(end), height, height); - fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", time2pixels(start), height+0.9, HzToHuman(freq)); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -435,32 +435,32 @@ void svg_partial_wakeline(u64 start, int row1, char *desc1, int row2, char *desc if (row1 < row2) { if (row1) { - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT, time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT + SLOT_MULT/32); if (desc2) - fprintf(svgfile, "%s >\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s >\n", time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT + SLOT_HEIGHT/48, desc2); } if (row2) { - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT - SLOT_MULT/32, time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT); if (desc1) - fprintf(svgfile, "%s >\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s >\n", time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT - SLOT_MULT/32, desc1); } } else { if (row2) { - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT, time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT + SLOT_MULT/32); if (desc1) - fprintf(svgfile, "%s <\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s <\n", time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT + SLOT_MULT/48, desc1); } if (row1) { - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT - SLOT_MULT/32, time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT); if (desc2) - fprintf(svgfile, "%s <\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s <\n", time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT - SLOT_HEIGHT/32, desc2); } } @@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ void svg_partial_wakeline(u64 start, int row1, char *desc1, int row2, char *desc if (row2 > row1) height += SLOT_HEIGHT; if (row1) - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), height); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -488,16 +488,16 @@ void svg_wakeline(u64 start, int row1, int row2, const char *backtrace) fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", backtrace); if (row1 < row2) - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT, time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT); else - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row2 * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT, time2pixels(start), row1 * SLOT_MULT); height = row1 * SLOT_MULT; if (row2 > row1) height += SLOT_HEIGHT; - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), height); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -515,9 +515,9 @@ void svg_interrupt(u64 start, int row, const char *backtrace) if (backtrace) fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", backtrace); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row * SLOT_MULT); - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(start), row * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT); fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); @@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ void svg_text(int Yslot, u64 start, const char *text) if (!svgfile) return; - fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", time2pixels(start), Yslot * SLOT_MULT+SLOT_HEIGHT/2, text); } @@ -537,9 +537,9 @@ static void svg_legenda_box(int X, const char *text, const char *style) double boxsize; boxsize = SLOT_HEIGHT / 2; - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", X, boxsize, boxsize, style); - fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "%s\n", X + boxsize + 5, boxsize, 0.8 * boxsize, text); } @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ void svg_time_grid(void) color = 128; } - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", time2pixels(i), SLOT_MULT/2, time2pixels(i), total_height, color, color, color, thickness); i += 10000000; -- cgit v0.10.2 From b97b59b93d10a54022afb06d5725d7aa55d98dd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stanislav Fomichev Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 20:03:41 +0400 Subject: perf timechart: Implement IO mode Currently, timechart records only scheduler and CPU events (task switches, running times, CPU power states, etc); this commit adds IO mode which makes it possible to record IO (disk, network) activity. In this mode perf timechart will generate SVG with IO charts (writes, reads, tx, rx, polls). Signed-off-by: Stanislav Fomichev Acked-by: Namhyung Kim Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/1404835423-23098-3-git-send-email-stfomichev@yandex-team.ru Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa diff --git a/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt b/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt index 5e0f986..ec6b46c 100644 --- a/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt +++ b/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt @@ -15,10 +15,20 @@ DESCRIPTION There are two variants of perf timechart: 'perf timechart record ' to record the system level events - of an arbitrary workload. + of an arbitrary workload. By default timechart records only scheduler + and CPU events (task switches, running times, CPU power states, etc), + but it's possible to record IO (disk, network) activity using -I argument. 'perf timechart' to turn a trace into a Scalable Vector Graphics file, - that can be viewed with popular SVG viewers such as 'Inkscape'. + that can be viewed with popular SVG viewers such as 'Inkscape'. Depending + on the events in the perf.data file, timechart will contain scheduler/cpu + events or IO events. + + In IO mode, every bar has two charts: upper and lower. + Upper bar shows incoming events (disk reads, ingress network packets). + Lower bar shows outgoing events (disk writes, egress network packets). + There are also poll bars which show how much time application spent + in poll/epoll/select syscalls. TIMECHART OPTIONS ----------------- @@ -63,6 +73,9 @@ RECORD OPTIONS -T:: --tasks-only:: Record only tasks-related events +-I:: +--io-only:: + Record only io-related events -g:: --callchain:: Do call-graph (stack chain/backtrace) recording @@ -87,6 +100,14 @@ Record system-wide timechart: $ perf timechart --highlight gcc +Record system-wide IO events: + + $ perf timechart record -I + + then generate timechart: + + $ perf timechart + SEE ALSO -------- linkperf:perf-record[1] diff --git a/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c b/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c index 74db256..4079062 100644 --- a/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c +++ b/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c @@ -60,10 +60,14 @@ struct timechart { tasks_only, with_backtrace, topology; + /* IO related settings */ + u64 io_events; + bool io_only; }; struct per_pidcomm; struct cpu_sample; +struct io_sample; /* * Datastructure layout: @@ -84,6 +88,7 @@ struct per_pid { u64 start_time; u64 end_time; u64 total_time; + u64 total_bytes; int display; struct per_pidcomm *all; @@ -97,6 +102,8 @@ struct per_pidcomm { u64 start_time; u64 end_time; u64 total_time; + u64 max_bytes; + u64 total_bytes; int Y; int display; @@ -107,6 +114,7 @@ struct per_pidcomm { char *comm; struct cpu_sample *samples; + struct io_sample *io_samples; }; struct sample_wrapper { @@ -131,6 +139,27 @@ struct cpu_sample { const char *backtrace; }; +enum { + IOTYPE_READ, + IOTYPE_WRITE, + IOTYPE_SYNC, + IOTYPE_TX, + IOTYPE_RX, + IOTYPE_POLL, +}; + +struct io_sample { + struct io_sample *next; + + u64 start_time; + u64 end_time; + u64 bytes; + int type; + int fd; + int err; + int merges; +}; + #define CSTATE 1 #define PSTATE 2 @@ -682,6 +711,219 @@ static void end_sample_processing(struct timechart *tchart) } } +static int pid_begin_io_sample(struct timechart *tchart, int pid, int type, + u64 start, int fd) +{ + struct per_pid *p = find_create_pid(tchart, pid); + struct per_pidcomm *c = p->current; + struct io_sample *sample; + struct io_sample *prev; + + if (!c) { + c = zalloc(sizeof(*c)); + if (!c) + return -ENOMEM; + p->current = c; + c->next = p->all; + p->all = c; + } + + prev = c->io_samples; + + if (prev && prev->start_time && !prev->end_time) { + pr_warning("Skip invalid start event: " + "previous event already started!\n"); + + /* remove previous event that has been started, + * we are not sure we will ever get an end for it */ + c->io_samples = prev->next; + free(prev); + return 0; + } + + sample = zalloc(sizeof(*sample)); + if (!sample) + return -ENOMEM; + sample->start_time = start; + sample->type = type; + sample->fd = fd; + sample->next = c->io_samples; + c->io_samples = sample; + + if (c->start_time == 0 || c->start_time > start) + c->start_time = start; + + return 0; +} + +static int pid_end_io_sample(struct timechart *tchart, int pid, int type, + u64 end, long ret) +{ + struct per_pid *p = find_create_pid(tchart, pid); + struct per_pidcomm *c = p->current; + struct io_sample *sample; + + if (!c) { + pr_warning("Invalid pidcomm!\n"); + return -1; + } + + sample = c->io_samples; + + if (!sample) /* skip partially captured events */ + return 0; + + if (sample->end_time) { + pr_warning("Skip invalid end event: " + "previous event already ended!\n"); + return 0; + } + + if (sample->type != type) { + pr_warning("Skip invalid end event: invalid event type!\n"); + return 0; + } + + sample->end_time = end; + + if (ret < 0) { + sample->err = ret; + } else if (type == IOTYPE_READ || type == IOTYPE_WRITE || + type == IOTYPE_TX || type == IOTYPE_RX) { + + if ((u64)ret > c->max_bytes) + c->max_bytes = ret; + + c->total_bytes += ret; + p->total_bytes += ret; + sample->bytes = ret; + } + + tchart->io_events++; + + return 0; +} + +static int +process_enter_read(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long fd = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "fd"); + return pid_begin_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_READ, + sample->time, fd); +} + +static int +process_exit_read(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long ret = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "ret"); + return pid_end_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_READ, + sample->time, ret); +} + +static int +process_enter_write(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long fd = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "fd"); + return pid_begin_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_WRITE, + sample->time, fd); +} + +static int +process_exit_write(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long ret = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "ret"); + return pid_end_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_WRITE, + sample->time, ret); +} + +static int +process_enter_sync(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long fd = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "fd"); + return pid_begin_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_SYNC, + sample->time, fd); +} + +static int +process_exit_sync(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long ret = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "ret"); + return pid_end_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_SYNC, + sample->time, ret); +} + +static int +process_enter_tx(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long fd = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "fd"); + return pid_begin_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_TX, + sample->time, fd); +} + +static int +process_exit_tx(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long ret = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "ret"); + return pid_end_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_TX, + sample->time, ret); +} + +static int +process_enter_rx(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long fd = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "fd"); + return pid_begin_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_RX, + sample->time, fd); +} + +static int +process_exit_rx(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long ret = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "ret"); + return pid_end_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_RX, + sample->time, ret); +} + +static int +process_enter_poll(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long fd = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "fd"); + return pid_begin_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_POLL, + sample->time, fd); +} + +static int +process_exit_poll(struct timechart *tchart, + struct perf_evsel *evsel, + struct perf_sample *sample) +{ + long ret = perf_evsel__intval(evsel, sample, "ret"); + return pid_end_io_sample(tchart, sample->tid, IOTYPE_POLL, + sample->time, ret); +} + /* * Sort the pid datastructure */ @@ -852,6 +1094,117 @@ static void draw_cpu_usage(struct timechart *tchart) } } +static void draw_io_bars(struct timechart *tchart) +{ + const char *suf; + double bytes; + char comm[256]; + struct per_pid *p; + struct per_pidcomm *c; + struct io_sample *sample; + int Y = 1; + + p = tchart->all_data; + while (p) { + c = p->all; + while (c) { + if (!c->display) { + c->Y = 0; + c = c->next; + continue; + } + + svg_box(Y, c->start_time, c->end_time, "process3"); + sample = c->io_samples; + for (sample = c->io_samples; sample; sample = sample->next) { + double h = (double)sample->bytes / c->max_bytes; + + if (sample->err) + h = 1; + + if (sample->type == IOTYPE_SYNC) + svg_fbox(Y, + sample->start_time, + sample->end_time, + 1, + sample->err ? "error" : "sync", + sample->fd, + sample->err, + sample->merges); + else if (sample->type == IOTYPE_POLL) + svg_fbox(Y, + sample->start_time, + sample->end_time, + 1, + sample->err ? "error" : "poll", + sample->fd, + sample->err, + sample->merges); + else if (sample->type == IOTYPE_READ) + svg_ubox(Y, + sample->start_time, + sample->end_time, + h, + sample->err ? "error" : "disk", + sample->fd, + sample->err, + sample->merges); + else if (sample->type == IOTYPE_WRITE) + svg_lbox(Y, + sample->start_time, + sample->end_time, + h, + sample->err ? "error" : "disk", + sample->fd, + sample->err, + sample->merges); + else if (sample->type == IOTYPE_RX) + svg_ubox(Y, + sample->start_time, + sample->end_time, + h, + sample->err ? "error" : "net", + sample->fd, + sample->err, + sample->merges); + else if (sample->type == IOTYPE_TX) + svg_lbox(Y, + sample->start_time, + sample->end_time, + h, + sample->err ? "error" : "net", + sample->fd, + sample->err, + sample->merges); + } + + suf = ""; + bytes = c->total_bytes; + if (bytes > 1024) { + bytes = bytes / 1024; + suf = "K"; + } + if (bytes > 1024) { + bytes = bytes / 1024; + suf = "M"; + } + if (bytes > 1024) { + bytes = bytes / 1024; + suf = "G"; + } + + + sprintf(comm, "%s:%i (%3.1f %sbytes)", c->comm ?: "", p->pid, bytes, suf); + svg_text(Y, c->start_time, comm); + + c->Y = Y; + Y++; + c = c->next; + } + p = p->next; + } +} + static void draw_process_bars(struct timechart *tchart) { struct per_pid *p; @@ -987,9 +1340,6 @@ static int determine_display_tasks(struct timechart *tchart, u64 threshold) struct per_pidcomm *c; int count = 0; - if (process_filter) - return determine_display_tasks_filtered(tchart); - p = tchart->all_data; while (p) { p->display = 0; @@ -1025,15 +1375,46 @@ static int determine_display_tasks(struct timechart *tchart, u64 threshold) return count; } +static int determine_display_io_tasks(struct timechart *timechart, u64 threshold) +{ + struct per_pid *p; + struct per_pidcomm *c; + int count = 0; + + p = timechart->all_data; + while (p) { + /* no exit marker, task kept running to the end */ + if (p->end_time == 0) + p->end_time = timechart->last_time; + + c = p->all; + + while (c) { + c->display = 0; + + if (c->total_bytes >= threshold) { + c->display = 1; + count++; + } + if (c->end_time == 0) + c->end_time = timechart->last_time; + + c = c->next; + } + p = p->next; + } + return count; +} +#define BYTES_THRESH (1 * 1024 * 1024) #define TIME_THRESH 10000000 static void write_svg_file(struct timechart *tchart, const char *filename) { u64 i; int count; - int thresh = TIME_THRESH; + int thresh = tchart->io_events ? BYTES_THRESH : TIME_THRESH; if (tchart->power_only) tchart->proc_num = 0; @@ -1041,28 +1422,43 @@ static void write_svg_file(struct timechart *tchart, const char *filename) /* We'd like to show at least proc_num tasks; * be less picky if we have fewer */ do { - count = determine_display_tasks(tchart, thresh); + if (process_filter) + count = determine_display_tasks_filtered(tchart); + else if (tchart->io_events) + count = determine_display_io_tasks(tchart, thresh); + else + count = determine_display_tasks(tchart, thresh); thresh /= 10; } while (!process_filter && thresh && count < tchart->proc_num); if (!tchart->proc_num) count = 0; - open_svg(filename, tchart->numcpus, count, tchart->first_time, tchart->last_time); + if (tchart->io_events) { + open_svg(filename, 0, count, tchart->first_time, tchart->last_time); - svg_time_grid(); - svg_legenda(); + svg_time_grid(0.5); + svg_io_legenda(); - for (i = 0; i < tchart->numcpus; i++) - svg_cpu_box(i, tchart->max_freq, tchart->turbo_frequency); + draw_io_bars(tchart); + } else { + open_svg(filename, tchart->numcpus, count, tchart->first_time, tchart->last_time); - draw_cpu_usage(tchart); - if (tchart->proc_num) - draw_process_bars(tchart); - if (!tchart->tasks_only) - draw_c_p_states(tchart); - if (tchart->proc_num) - draw_wakeups(tchart); + svg_time_grid(0); + + svg_legenda(); + + for (i = 0; i < tchart->numcpus; i++) + svg_cpu_box(i, tchart->max_freq, tchart->turbo_frequency); + + draw_cpu_usage(tchart); + if (tchart->proc_num) + draw_process_bars(tchart); + if (!tchart->tasks_only) + draw_c_p_states(tchart); + if (tchart->proc_num) + draw_wakeups(tchart); + } svg_close(); } @@ -1110,6 +1506,56 @@ static int __cmd_timechart(struct timechart *tchart, const char *output_name) { "power:power_end", process_sample_power_end }, { "power:power_frequency", process_sample_power_frequency }, #endif + + { "syscalls:sys_enter_read", process_enter_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_pread64", process_enter_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_readv", process_enter_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_preadv", process_enter_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_write", process_enter_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_pwrite64", process_enter_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_writev", process_enter_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_pwritev", process_enter_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_sync", process_enter_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_sync_file_range", process_enter_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_fsync", process_enter_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_msync", process_enter_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_recvfrom", process_enter_rx }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_recvmmsg", process_enter_rx }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_recvmsg", process_enter_rx }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_sendto", process_enter_tx }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_sendmsg", process_enter_tx }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_sendmmsg", process_enter_tx }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_pwait", process_enter_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_wait", process_enter_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_poll", process_enter_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_ppoll", process_enter_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_pselect6", process_enter_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_enter_select", process_enter_poll }, + + { "syscalls:sys_exit_read", process_exit_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_pread64", process_exit_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_readv", process_exit_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_preadv", process_exit_read }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_write", process_exit_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_pwrite64", process_exit_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_writev", process_exit_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_pwritev", process_exit_write }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_sync", process_exit_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_sync_file_range", process_exit_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_fsync", process_exit_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_msync", process_exit_sync }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_recvfrom", process_exit_rx }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_recvmmsg", process_exit_rx }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_recvmsg", process_exit_rx }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_sendto", process_exit_tx }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_sendmsg", process_exit_tx }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_sendmmsg", process_exit_tx }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_pwait", process_exit_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_wait", process_exit_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_poll", process_exit_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_ppoll", process_exit_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_pselect6", process_exit_poll }, + { "syscalls:sys_exit_select", process_exit_poll }, }; struct perf_data_file file = { .path = input_name, @@ -1154,6 +1600,139 @@ out_delete: return ret; } +static int timechart__io_record(int argc, const char **argv) +{ + unsigned int rec_argc, i; + const char **rec_argv; + const char **p; + char *filter = NULL; + + const char * const common_args[] = { + "record", "-a", "-R", "-c", "1", + }; + unsigned int common_args_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(common_args); + + const char * const disk_events[] = { + "syscalls:sys_enter_read", + "syscalls:sys_enter_pread64", + "syscalls:sys_enter_readv", + "syscalls:sys_enter_preadv", + "syscalls:sys_enter_write", + "syscalls:sys_enter_pwrite64", + "syscalls:sys_enter_writev", + "syscalls:sys_enter_pwritev", + "syscalls:sys_enter_sync", + "syscalls:sys_enter_sync_file_range", + "syscalls:sys_enter_fsync", + "syscalls:sys_enter_msync", + + "syscalls:sys_exit_read", + "syscalls:sys_exit_pread64", + "syscalls:sys_exit_readv", + "syscalls:sys_exit_preadv", + "syscalls:sys_exit_write", + "syscalls:sys_exit_pwrite64", + "syscalls:sys_exit_writev", + "syscalls:sys_exit_pwritev", + "syscalls:sys_exit_sync", + "syscalls:sys_exit_sync_file_range", + "syscalls:sys_exit_fsync", + "syscalls:sys_exit_msync", + }; + unsigned int disk_events_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(disk_events); + + const char * const net_events[] = { + "syscalls:sys_enter_recvfrom", + "syscalls:sys_enter_recvmmsg", + "syscalls:sys_enter_recvmsg", + "syscalls:sys_enter_sendto", + "syscalls:sys_enter_sendmsg", + "syscalls:sys_enter_sendmmsg", + + "syscalls:sys_exit_recvfrom", + "syscalls:sys_exit_recvmmsg", + "syscalls:sys_exit_recvmsg", + "syscalls:sys_exit_sendto", + "syscalls:sys_exit_sendmsg", + "syscalls:sys_exit_sendmmsg", + }; + unsigned int net_events_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(net_events); + + const char * const poll_events[] = { + "syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_pwait", + "syscalls:sys_enter_epoll_wait", + "syscalls:sys_enter_poll", + "syscalls:sys_enter_ppoll", + "syscalls:sys_enter_pselect6", + "syscalls:sys_enter_select", + + "syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_pwait", + "syscalls:sys_exit_epoll_wait", + "syscalls:sys_exit_poll", + "syscalls:sys_exit_ppoll", + "syscalls:sys_exit_pselect6", + "syscalls:sys_exit_select", + }; + unsigned int poll_events_nr = ARRAY_SIZE(poll_events); + + rec_argc = common_args_nr + + disk_events_nr * 4 + + net_events_nr * 4 + + poll_events_nr * 4 + + argc; + rec_argv = calloc(rec_argc + 1, sizeof(char *)); + + if (rec_argv == NULL) + return -ENOMEM; + + if (asprintf(&filter, "common_pid != %d", getpid()) < 0) + return -ENOMEM; + + p = rec_argv; + for (i = 0; i < common_args_nr; i++) + *p++ = strdup(common_args[i]); + + for (i = 0; i < disk_events_nr; i++) { + if (!is_valid_tracepoint(disk_events[i])) { + rec_argc -= 4; + continue; + } + + *p++ = "-e"; + *p++ = strdup(disk_events[i]); + *p++ = "--filter"; + *p++ = filter; + } + for (i = 0; i < net_events_nr; i++) { + if (!is_valid_tracepoint(net_events[i])) { + rec_argc -= 4; + continue; + } + + *p++ = "-e"; + *p++ = strdup(net_events[i]); + *p++ = "--filter"; + *p++ = filter; + } + for (i = 0; i < poll_events_nr; i++) { + if (!is_valid_tracepoint(poll_events[i])) { + rec_argc -= 4; + continue; + } + + *p++ = "-e"; + *p++ = strdup(poll_events[i]); + *p++ = "--filter"; + *p++ = filter; + } + + for (i = 0; i < (unsigned int)argc; i++) + *p++ = argv[i]; + + return cmd_record(rec_argc, rec_argv, NULL); +} + + static int timechart__record(struct timechart *tchart, int argc, const char **argv) { unsigned int rec_argc, i, j; @@ -1314,6 +1893,8 @@ int cmd_timechart(int argc, const char **argv, OPT_BOOLEAN('P', "power-only", &tchart.power_only, "output power data only"), OPT_BOOLEAN('T', "tasks-only", &tchart.tasks_only, "output processes data only"), + OPT_BOOLEAN('I', "io-only", &tchart.io_only, + "record only IO data"), OPT_BOOLEAN('g', "callchain", &tchart.with_backtrace, "record callchain"), OPT_END() }; @@ -1340,7 +1921,10 @@ int cmd_timechart(int argc, const char **argv, return -1; } - return timechart__record(&tchart, argc, argv); + if (tchart.io_only) + return timechart__io_record(argc, argv); + else + return timechart__record(&tchart, argc, argv); } else if (argc) usage_with_options(timechart_usage, timechart_options); diff --git a/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c b/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c index 27caf0f..283d3e7 100644 --- a/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c +++ b/tools/perf/util/svghelper.c @@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ static u64 turbo_frequency, max_freq; #define SLOT_MULT 30.0 #define SLOT_HEIGHT 25.0 +#define SLOT_HALF (SLOT_HEIGHT / 2) int svg_page_width = 1000; u64 svg_highlight; @@ -114,8 +115,14 @@ void open_svg(const char *filename, int cpus, int rows, u64 start, u64 end) fprintf(svgfile, " rect { stroke-width: 1; }\n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.process { fill:rgb(180,180,180); fill-opacity:0.9; stroke-width:1; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.process2 { fill:rgb(180,180,180); fill-opacity:0.9; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); + fprintf(svgfile, " rect.process3 { fill:rgb(180,180,180); fill-opacity:0.5; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.sample { fill:rgb( 0, 0,255); fill-opacity:0.8; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.sample_hi{ fill:rgb(255,128, 0); fill-opacity:0.8; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); + fprintf(svgfile, " rect.error { fill:rgb(255, 0, 0); fill-opacity:0.5; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); + fprintf(svgfile, " rect.net { fill:rgb( 0,128, 0); fill-opacity:0.5; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); + fprintf(svgfile, " rect.disk { fill:rgb( 0, 0,255); fill-opacity:0.5; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); + fprintf(svgfile, " rect.sync { fill:rgb(128,128, 0); fill-opacity:0.5; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); + fprintf(svgfile, " rect.poll { fill:rgb( 0,128,128); fill-opacity:0.2; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.blocked { fill:rgb(255, 0, 0); fill-opacity:0.5; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.waiting { fill:rgb(224,214, 0); fill-opacity:0.8; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); fprintf(svgfile, " rect.WAITING { fill:rgb(255,214, 48); fill-opacity:0.6; stroke-width:0; stroke:rgb( 0, 0, 0); } \n"); @@ -132,6 +139,75 @@ void open_svg(const char *filename, int cpus, int rows, u64 start, u64 end) fprintf(svgfile, " ]]>\n \n\n"); } +static double normalize_height(double height) +{ + if (height < 0.25) + return 0.25; + else if (height < 0.50) + return 0.50; + else if (height < 0.75) + return 0.75; + else + return 0.100; +} + +void svg_ubox(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, double height, const char *type, int fd, int err, int merges) +{ + double w = time2pixels(end) - time2pixels(start); + height = normalize_height(height); + + if (!svgfile) + return; + + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); + fprintf(svgfile, "fd=%d error=%d merges=%d\n", fd, err, merges); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + time2pixels(start), + w, + Yslot * SLOT_MULT, + SLOT_HALF * height, + type); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); +} + +void svg_lbox(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, double height, const char *type, int fd, int err, int merges) +{ + double w = time2pixels(end) - time2pixels(start); + height = normalize_height(height); + + if (!svgfile) + return; + + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); + fprintf(svgfile, "fd=%d error=%d merges=%d\n", fd, err, merges); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + time2pixels(start), + w, + Yslot * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT - SLOT_HALF * height, + SLOT_HALF * height, + type); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); +} + +void svg_fbox(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, double height, const char *type, int fd, int err, int merges) +{ + double w = time2pixels(end) - time2pixels(start); + height = normalize_height(height); + + if (!svgfile) + return; + + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); + fprintf(svgfile, "fd=%d error=%d merges=%d\n", fd, err, merges); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + time2pixels(start), + w, + Yslot * SLOT_MULT + SLOT_HEIGHT - SLOT_HEIGHT * height, + SLOT_HEIGHT * height, + type); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); +} + void svg_box(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, const char *type) { if (!svgfile) @@ -543,6 +619,20 @@ static void svg_legenda_box(int X, const char *text, const char *style) X + boxsize + 5, boxsize, 0.8 * boxsize, text); } +void svg_io_legenda(void) +{ + if (!svgfile) + return; + + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); + svg_legenda_box(0, "Disk", "disk"); + svg_legenda_box(100, "Network", "net"); + svg_legenda_box(200, "Sync", "sync"); + svg_legenda_box(300, "Poll", "poll"); + svg_legenda_box(400, "Error", "error"); + fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); +} + void svg_legenda(void) { if (!svgfile) @@ -559,7 +649,7 @@ void svg_legenda(void) fprintf(svgfile, "\n"); } -void svg_time_grid(void) +void svg_time_grid(double min_thickness) { u64 i; @@ -579,8 +669,10 @@ void svg_time_grid(void) color = 128; } - fprintf(svgfile, "\n", - time2pixels(i), SLOT_MULT/2, time2pixels(i), total_height, color, color, color, thickness); + if (thickness >= min_thickness) + fprintf(svgfile, "\n", + time2pixels(i), SLOT_MULT/2, time2pixels(i), + total_height, color, color, color, thickness); i += 10000000; } diff --git a/tools/perf/util/svghelper.h b/tools/perf/util/svghelper.h index e3aff53..9292a52 100644 --- a/tools/perf/util/svghelper.h +++ b/tools/perf/util/svghelper.h @@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ #include extern void open_svg(const char *filename, int cpus, int rows, u64 start, u64 end); +extern void svg_ubox(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, double height, const char *type, int fd, int err, int merges); +extern void svg_lbox(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, double height, const char *type, int fd, int err, int merges); +extern void svg_fbox(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, double height, const char *type, int fd, int err, int merges); extern void svg_box(int Yslot, u64 start, u64 end, const char *type); extern void svg_blocked(int Yslot, int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, const char *backtrace); extern void svg_running(int Yslot, int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, const char *backtrace); @@ -16,7 +19,8 @@ extern void svg_cstate(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, int type); extern void svg_pstate(int cpu, u64 start, u64 end, u64 freq); -extern void svg_time_grid(void); +extern void svg_time_grid(double min_thickness); +extern void svg_io_legenda(void); extern void svg_legenda(void); extern void svg_wakeline(u64 start, int row1, int row2, const char *backtrace); extern void svg_partial_wakeline(u64 start, int row1, char *desc1, int row2, char *desc2, const char *backtrace); -- cgit v0.10.2 From 962e310af5dff432745ae7494096ed54b752e63e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stanislav Fomichev Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 20:03:42 +0400 Subject: perf timechart: Conditionally update start_time on fork We don't need to overwrite current task start_time on fork, so update it only if it's zero. Signed-off-by: Stanislav Fomichev Acked-by: Namhyung Kim Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/1404835423-23098-4-git-send-email-stfomichev@yandex-team.ru Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa diff --git a/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c b/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c index 4079062..37bf1eb 100644 --- a/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c +++ b/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c @@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ static void pid_fork(struct timechart *tchart, int pid, int ppid, u64 timestamp) pid_set_comm(tchart, pid, pp->current->comm); p->start_time = timestamp; - if (p->current) { + if (p->current && !p->current->start_time) { p->current->start_time = timestamp; p->current->state_since = timestamp; } -- cgit v0.10.2 From d243144af0b52fc5164a0823194f29a5979e236c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stanislav Fomichev Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 20:03:43 +0400 Subject: perf timechart: Add more options to IO mode --io-skip-eagain - don't show EAGAIN errors --io-min-time - make small io bursts visible --io-merge-dist - merge adjacent events Signed-off-by: Stanislav Fomichev Acked-by: Namhyung Kim Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/1404835423-23098-5-git-send-email-stfomichev@yandex-team.ru Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa diff --git a/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt b/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt index ec6b46c..df98d1c 100644 --- a/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt +++ b/tools/perf/Documentation/perf-timechart.txt @@ -64,6 +64,19 @@ TIMECHART OPTIONS duration or tasks with given name. If number is given it's interpreted as number of nanoseconds. If non-numeric string is given it's interpreted as task name. +--io-skip-eagain:: + Don't draw EAGAIN IO events. +--io-min-time=:: + Draw small events as if they lasted min-time. Useful when you need + to see very small and fast IO. It's possible to specify ms or us + suffix to specify time in milliseconds or microseconds. + Default value is 1ms. +--io-merge-dist=:: + Merge events that are merge-dist nanoseconds apart. + Reduces number of figures on the SVG and makes it more render-friendly. + It's possible to specify ms or us suffix to specify time in + milliseconds or microseconds. + Default value is 1us. RECORD OPTIONS -------------- diff --git a/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c b/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c index 37bf1eb..04c9c53 100644 --- a/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c +++ b/tools/perf/builtin-timechart.c @@ -62,7 +62,10 @@ struct timechart { topology; /* IO related settings */ u64 io_events; - bool io_only; + bool io_only, + skip_eagain; + u64 min_time, + merge_dist; }; struct per_pidcomm; @@ -761,7 +764,7 @@ static int pid_end_io_sample(struct timechart *tchart, int pid, int type, { struct per_pid *p = find_create_pid(tchart, pid); struct per_pidcomm *c = p->current; - struct io_sample *sample; + struct io_sample *sample, *prev; if (!c) { pr_warning("Invalid pidcomm!\n"); @@ -785,6 +788,18 @@ static int pid_end_io_sample(struct timechart *tchart, int pid, int type, } sample->end_time = end; + prev = sample->next; + + /* we want to be able to see small and fast transfers, so make them + * at least min_time long, but don't overlap them */ + if (sample->end_time - sample->start_time < tchart->min_time) + sample->end_time = sample->start_time + tchart->min_time; + if (prev && sample->start_time < prev->end_time) { + if (prev->err) /* try to make errors more visible */ + sample->start_time = prev->end_time; + else + prev->end_time = sample->start_time; + } if (ret < 0) { sample->err = ret; @@ -799,6 +814,24 @@ static int pid_end_io_sample(struct timechart *tchart, int pid, int type, sample->bytes = ret; } + /* merge two requests to make svg smaller and render-friendly */ + if (prev && + prev->type == sample->type && + prev->err == sample->err && + prev->fd == sample->fd && + prev->end_time + tchart->merge_dist >= sample->start_time) { + + sample->bytes += prev->bytes; + sample->merges += prev->merges + 1; + + sample->start_time = prev->start_time; + sample->next = prev->next; + free(prev); + + if (!sample->err && sample->bytes > c->max_bytes) + c->max_bytes = sample->bytes; + } + tchart->io_events++; return 0; @@ -1119,6 +1152,10 @@ static void draw_io_bars(struct timechart *tchart) for (sample = c->io_samples; sample; sample = sample->next) { double h = (double)sample->bytes / c->max_bytes; + if (tchart->skip_eagain && + sample->err == -EAGAIN) + continue; + if (sample->err) h = 1; @@ -1849,6 +1886,30 @@ parse_highlight(const struct option *opt __maybe_unused, const char *arg, return 0; } +static int +parse_time(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int __maybe_unused unset) +{ + char unit = 'n'; + u64 *value = opt->value; + + if (sscanf(arg, "%" PRIu64 "%cs", value, &unit) > 0) { + switch (unit) { + case 'm': + *value *= 1000000; + break; + case 'u': + *value *= 1000; + break; + case 'n': + break; + default: + return -1; + } + } + + return 0; +} + int cmd_timechart(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused) { @@ -1861,6 +1922,8 @@ int cmd_timechart(int argc, const char **argv, .ordered_samples = true, }, .proc_num = 15, + .min_time = 1000000, + .merge_dist = 1000, }; const char *output_name = "output.svg"; const struct option timechart_options[] = { @@ -1882,6 +1945,14 @@ int cmd_timechart(int argc, const char **argv, "min. number of tasks to print"), OPT_BOOLEAN('t', "topology", &tchart.topology, "sort CPUs according to topology"), + OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "io-skip-eagain", &tchart.skip_eagain, + "skip EAGAIN errors"), + OPT_CALLBACK(0, "io-min-time", &tchart.min_time, "time", + "all IO faster than min-time will visually appear longer", + parse_time), + OPT_CALLBACK(0, "io-merge-dist", &tchart.merge_dist, "time", + "merge events that are merge-dist us apart", + parse_time), OPT_END() }; const char * const timechart_usage[] = { -- cgit v0.10.2