diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/Changes | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/dontdiff | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt | 265 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt | 161 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/sparse.txt | 8 |
6 files changed, 231 insertions, 223 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/Changes b/Documentation/Changes index 48827207..abee7f5 100644 --- a/Documentation/Changes +++ b/Documentation/Changes @@ -37,15 +37,14 @@ o e2fsprogs 1.29 # tune2fs o jfsutils 1.1.3 # fsck.jfs -V o reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 # reiserfsck -V 2>&1|grep reiserfsprogs o xfsprogs 2.6.0 # xfs_db -V -o pcmciautils 004 -o pcmcia-cs 3.1.21 # cardmgr -V +o pcmciautils 004 # pccardctl -V o quota-tools 3.09 # quota -V o PPP 2.4.0 # pppd --version o isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 # isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version o nfs-utils 1.0.5 # showmount --version o procps 3.2.0 # ps --version o oprofile 0.9 # oprofiled --version -o udev 071 # udevinfo -V +o udev 081 # udevinfo -V Kernel compilation ================== @@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ active clients. To enable this new functionality, you need to: - mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfs + mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where diff --git a/Documentation/dontdiff b/Documentation/dontdiff index 24adfe9..63c2d0c 100644 --- a/Documentation/dontdiff +++ b/Documentation/dontdiff @@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ tags times.h* tkparse trix_boot.h +utsrelease.h* version.h* vmlinux vmlinux-* diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt index ca1967f..003fccc 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt @@ -67,19 +67,19 @@ applicable everywhere (see syntax). - default value: "default" <expr> ["if" <expr>] A config option can have any number of default values. If multiple default values are visible, only the first defined one is active. - Default values are not limited to the menu entry, where they are - defined, this means the default can be defined somewhere else or be + Default values are not limited to the menu entry where they are + defined. This means the default can be defined somewhere else or be overridden by an earlier definition. The default value is only assigned to the config symbol if no other value was set by the user (via the input prompt above). If an input prompt is visible the default value is presented to the user and can be overridden by him. - Optionally dependencies only for this default value can be added with + Optionally, dependencies only for this default value can be added with "if". - dependencies: "depends on"/"requires" <expr> This defines a dependency for this menu entry. If multiple - dependencies are defined they are connected with '&&'. Dependencies + dependencies are defined, they are connected with '&&'. Dependencies are applied to all other options within this menu entry (which also accept an "if" expression), so these two examples are equivalent: @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Nonconstant symbols are the most common ones and are defined with the 'config' statement. Nonconstant symbols consist entirely of alphanumeric characters or underscores. Constant symbols are only part of expressions. Constant symbols are -always surrounded by single or double quotes. Within the quote any +always surrounded by single or double quotes. Within the quote, any other character is allowed and the quotes can be escaped using '\'. Menu structure @@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ choices: <choice block> "endchoice" -This defines a choice group and accepts any of above attributes as +This defines a choice group and accepts any of the above attributes as options. A choice can only be of type bool or tristate, while a boolean choice only allows a single config entry to be selected, a tristate choice also allows any number of config entries to be set to 'm'. This diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt index 0706699..b7d6abb 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles. === 4 Host Program support --- 4.1 Simple Host Program --- 4.2 Composite Host Programs - --- 4.3 Defining shared libraries + --- 4.3 Defining shared libraries --- 4.4 Using C++ for host programs --- 4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs --- 4.6 When host programs are actually built @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ architecture-specific information to the top Makefile. Each subdirectory has a kbuild Makefile which carries out the commands passed down from above. The kbuild Makefile uses information from the -.config file to construct various file lists used by kbuild to build +.config file to construct various file lists used by kbuild to build any built-in or modular targets. scripts/Makefile.* contains all the definitions/rules etc. that @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ any kernel Makefiles (or any other source files). *Normal developers* are people who work on features such as device drivers, file systems, and network protocols. These people need to -maintain the kbuild Makefiles for the subsystem that they are +maintain the kbuild Makefiles for the subsystem they are working on. In order to do this effectively, they need some overall knowledge about the kernel Makefiles, plus detailed knowledge about the public interface for kbuild. @@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ This document is aimed towards normal developers and arch developers. === 3 The kbuild files Most Makefiles within the kernel are kbuild Makefiles that use the -kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduce the syntax used in the +kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduces the syntax used in the kbuild makefiles. The preferred name for the kbuild files are 'Makefile' but 'Kbuild' can -be used and if both a 'Makefile' and a 'Kbuild' file exists then the 'Kbuild' +be used and if both a 'Makefile' and a 'Kbuild' file exists, then the 'Kbuild' file will be used. Section 3.1 "Goal definitions" is a quick intro, further chapters provide @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ more details, with real examples. Example: obj-y += foo.o - This tell kbuild that there is one object in that directory named + This tell kbuild that there is one object in that directory, named foo.o. foo.o will be built from foo.c or foo.S. If foo.o shall be built as a module, the variable obj-m is used. @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ more details, with real examples. --- 3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y The kbuild Makefile specifies object files for vmlinux - in the lists $(obj-y). These lists depend on the kernel + in the $(obj-y) lists. These lists depend on the kernel configuration. Kbuild compiles all the $(obj-y) files. It then calls @@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ more details, with real examples. Link order is significant, because certain functions (module_init() / __initcall) will be called during boot in the order they appear. So keep in mind that changing the link - order may e.g. change the order in which your SCSI - controllers are detected, and thus you disks are renumbered. + order may e.g. change the order in which your SCSI + controllers are detected, and thus your disks are renumbered. Example: #drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile @@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ more details, with real examples. Example: #fs/ext2/Makefile obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o - ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o + ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o - - In this example xattr.o is only part of the composite object - ext2.o, if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) evaluates to 'y'. + + In this example, xattr.o is only part of the composite object + ext2.o if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) evaluates to 'y'. Note: Of course, when you are building objects into the kernel, the syntax above will also work. So, if you have CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y, @@ -221,16 +221,16 @@ more details, with real examples. --- 3.5 Library file goals - lib-y - Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules or + Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules, or combined in a built-in.o for that specific directory. There is also the possibility to list objects that will be included in a library, lib.a. All objects listed with lib-y are combined in a single library for that directory. - Objects that are listed in obj-y and additional listed in + Objects that are listed in obj-y and additionaly listed in lib-y will not be included in the library, since they will anyway be accessible. - For consistency objects listed in lib-m will be included in lib.a. + For consistency, objects listed in lib-m will be included in lib.a. Note that the same kbuild makefile may list files to be built-in and to be part of a library. Therefore the same directory @@ -241,11 +241,11 @@ more details, with real examples. lib-y := checksum.o delay.o This will create a library lib.a based on checksum.o and delay.o. - For kbuild to actually recognize that there is a lib.a being build + For kbuild to actually recognize that there is a lib.a being built, the directory shall be listed in libs-y. See also "6.3 List directories to visit when descending". - - Usage of lib-y is normally restricted to lib/ and arch/*/lib. + + Use of lib-y is normally restricted to lib/ and arch/*/lib. --- 3.6 Descending down in directories @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ more details, with real examples. invoke make recursively in subdirectories, provided you let it know of them. - To do so obj-y and obj-m are used. + To do so, obj-y and obj-m are used. ext2 lives in a separate directory, and the Makefile present in fs/ tells kbuild to descend down using the following assignment. @@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ more details, with real examples. Special rules are used when the kbuild infrastructure does not provide the required support. A typical example is header files generated during the build process. - Another example is the architecture specific Makefiles which - needs special rules to prepare boot images etc. + Another example are the architecture specific Makefiles which + need special rules to prepare boot images etc. Special rules are written as normal Make rules. Kbuild is not executing in the directory where the Makefile is @@ -387,28 +387,28 @@ more details, with real examples. --- 3.11 $(CC) support functions - The kernel may be build with several different versions of + The kernel may be built with several different versions of $(CC), each supporting a unique set of features and options. kbuild provide basic support to check for valid options for $(CC). $(CC) is useally the gcc compiler, but other alternatives are available. as-option - as-option is used to check if $(CC) when used to compile - assembler (*.S) files supports the given option. An optional - second option may be specified if first option are not supported. + as-option is used to check if $(CC) -- when used to compile + assembler (*.S) files -- supports the given option. An optional + second option may be specified if the first option is not supported. Example: #arch/sh/Makefile cflags-y += $(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y),) - In the above example cflags-y will be assinged the the option + In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option -Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y) if it is supported by $(CC). The second argument is optional, and if supplied will be used if first argument is not supported. ld-option - ld-option is used to check if $(CC) when used to link object files + ld-option is used to check if $(CC) when used to link object files supports the given option. An optional second option may be specified if first option are not supported. @@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ more details, with real examples. if first argument is not supported. cc-option - cc-option is used to check if $(CC) support a given option, and not + cc-option is used to check if $(CC) supports a given option, and not supported to use an optional second option. Example: @@ -430,12 +430,12 @@ more details, with real examples. cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=pentium-mmx,-march=i586) In the above example cflags-y will be assigned the option - -march=pentium-mmx if supported by $(CC), otherwise -march-i586. - The second argument to cc-option is optional, and if omitted + -march=pentium-mmx if supported by $(CC), otherwise -march=i586. + The second argument to cc-option is optional, and if omitted, cflags-y will be assigned no value if first option is not supported. cc-option-yn - cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option + cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option and return 'y' if supported, otherwise 'n'. Example: @@ -443,32 +443,33 @@ more details, with real examples. biarch := $(call cc-option-yn, -m32) aflags-$(biarch) += -a32 cflags-$(biarch) += -m32 - - In the above example $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32 - option. When $(biarch) equals to y the expanded variables $(aflags-y) - and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32. + + In the above example, $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32 + option. When $(biarch) equals 'y', the expanded variables $(aflags-y) + and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32, + respectively. cc-option-align - gcc version >= 3.0 shifted type of options used to speify - alignment of functions, loops etc. $(cc-option-align) whrn used - as prefix to the align options will select the right prefix: + gcc versions >= 3.0 changed the type of options used to specify + alignment of functions, loops etc. $(cc-option-align), when used + as prefix to the align options, will select the right prefix: gcc < 3.00 cc-option-align = -malign gcc >= 3.00 cc-option-align = -falign - + Example: CFLAGS += $(cc-option-align)-functions=4 - In the above example the option -falign-functions=4 is used for - gcc >= 3.00. For gcc < 3.00 -malign-functions=4 is used. - + In the above example, the option -falign-functions=4 is used for + gcc >= 3.00. For gcc < 3.00, -malign-functions=4 is used. + cc-version - cc-version return a numerical version of the $(CC) compiler version. + cc-version returns a numerical version of the $(CC) compiler version. The format is <major><minor> where both are two digits. So for example gcc 3.41 would return 0341. cc-version is useful when a specific $(CC) version is faulty in one - area, for example the -mregparm=3 were broken in some gcc version + area, for example -mregparm=3 was broken in some gcc versions even though the option was accepted by gcc. Example: @@ -477,20 +478,20 @@ more details, with real examples. if [ $(call cc-version) -ge 0300 ] ; then \ echo "-mregparm=3"; fi ;) - In the above example -mregparm=3 is only used for gcc version greater + In the above example, -mregparm=3 is only used for gcc version greater than or equal to gcc 3.0. cc-ifversion - cc-ifversion test the version of $(CC) and equals last argument if + cc-ifversion tests the version of $(CC) and equals last argument if version expression is true. Example: #fs/reiserfs/Makefile EXTRA_CFLAGS := $(call cc-ifversion, -lt, 0402, -O1) - In this example EXTRA_CFLAGS will be assigned the value -O1 if the + In this example, EXTRA_CFLAGS will be assigned the value -O1 if the $(CC) version is less than 4.2. - cc-ifversion takes all the shell operators: + cc-ifversion takes all the shell operators: -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, and -ge The third parameter may be a text as in this example, but it may also be an expanded variable or a macro. @@ -506,7 +507,7 @@ The first step is to tell kbuild that a host program exists. This is done utilising the variable hostprogs-y. The second step is to add an explicit dependency to the executable. -This can be done in two ways. Either add the dependency in a rule, +This can be done in two ways. Either add the dependency in a rule, or utilise the variable $(always). Both possibilities are described in the following. @@ -523,28 +524,28 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. Kbuild assumes in the above example that bin2hex is made from a single c-source file named bin2hex.c located in the same directory as the Makefile. - + --- 4.2 Composite Host Programs Host programs can be made up based on composite objects. The syntax used to define composite objects for host programs is similar to the syntax used for kernel objects. - $(<executeable>-objs) list all objects used to link the final + $(<executeable>-objs) lists all objects used to link the final executable. Example: #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile - hostprogs-y := lxdialog + hostprogs-y := lxdialog lxdialog-objs := checklist.o lxdialog.o Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c - files. In the above example checklist.c is compiled to checklist.o + files. In the above example, checklist.c is compiled to checklist.o and lxdialog.c is compiled to lxdialog.o. - Finally the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog. + Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog. Note: The syntax <executable>-y is not permitted for host-programs. ---- 4.3 Defining shared libraries - +--- 4.3 Defining shared libraries + Objects with extension .so are considered shared libraries, and will be compiled as position independent objects. Kbuild provides support for shared libraries, but the usage @@ -557,7 +558,7 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. hostprogs-y := conf conf-objs := conf.o libkconfig.so libkconfig-objs := expr.o type.o - + Shared libraries always require a corresponding -objs line, and in the example above the shared library libkconfig is composed by the two objects expr.o and type.o. @@ -578,7 +579,7 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. In the example above the executable is composed of the C++ file qconf.cc - identified by $(qconf-cxxobjs). - + If qconf is composed by a mixture of .c and .cc files, then an additional line can be used to identify this. @@ -587,34 +588,35 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. hostprogs-y := qconf qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o qconf-objs := check.o - + --- 4.5 Controlling compiler options for host programs When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags. The programs will always be compiled utilising $(HOSTCC) passed the options specified in $(HOSTCFLAGS). To set flags that will take effect for all host programs created - in that Makefile use the variable HOST_EXTRACFLAGS. + in that Makefile, use the variable HOST_EXTRACFLAGS. Example: #scripts/lxdialog/Makefile HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += -I/usr/include/ncurses - + To set specific flags for a single file the following construction is used: Example: #arch/ppc64/boot/Makefile HOSTCFLAGS_piggyback.o := -DKERNELBASE=$(KERNELBASE) - + It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker. - + Example: #scripts/kconfig/Makefile HOSTLOADLIBES_qconf := -L$(QTDIR)/lib - When linking qconf it will be passed the extra option "-L$(QTDIR)/lib". - + When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option + "-L$(QTDIR)/lib". + --- 4.6 When host programs are actually built Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced @@ -629,7 +631,7 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. $(obj)/devlist.h: $(src)/pci.ids $(obj)/gen-devlist ( cd $(obj); ./gen-devlist ) < $< - The target $(obj)/devlist.h will not be built before + The target $(obj)/devlist.h will not be built before $(obj)/gen-devlist is updated. Note that references to the host programs in special rules must be prefixed with $(obj). @@ -648,7 +650,7 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. --- 4.7 Using hostprogs-$(CONFIG_FOO) - A typcal pattern in a Kbuild file lok like this: + A typical pattern in a Kbuild file looks like this: Example: #scripts/Makefile @@ -656,13 +658,13 @@ Both possibilities are described in the following. Kbuild knows about both 'y' for built-in and 'm' for module. So if a config symbol evaluate to 'm', kbuild will still build - the binary. In other words Kbuild handle hostprogs-m exactly - like hostprogs-y. But only hostprogs-y is recommend used - when no CONFIG symbol are involved. + the binary. In other words, Kbuild handles hostprogs-m exactly + like hostprogs-y. But only hostprogs-y is recommended to be used + when no CONFIG symbols are involved. === 5 Kbuild clean infrastructure -"make clean" deletes most generated files in the src tree where the kernel +"make clean" deletes most generated files in the obj tree where the kernel is compiled. This includes generated files such as host programs. Kbuild knows targets listed in $(hostprogs-y), $(hostprogs-m), $(always), $(extra-y) and $(targets). They are all deleted during "make clean". @@ -680,7 +682,8 @@ When executing "make clean", the two files "devlist.h classlist.h" will be deleted. Kbuild will assume files to be in same relative directory as the Makefile except if an absolute path is specified (path starting with '/'). -To delete a directory hirachy use: +To delete a directory hierarchy use: + Example: #scripts/package/Makefile clean-dirs := $(objtree)/debian/ @@ -723,29 +726,29 @@ be visited during "make clean". The top level Makefile sets up the environment and does the preparation, before starting to descend down in the individual directories. -The top level makefile contains the generic part, whereas the -arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile contains what is required to set-up kbuild -to the said architecture. -To do so arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile sets a number of variables, and defines +The top level makefile contains the generic part, whereas +arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile contains what is required to set up kbuild +for said architecture. +To do so, arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile sets up a number of variables and defines a few targets. -When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): -1) Configuration of the kernel => produced .config +When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly): +1) Configuration of the kernel => produce .config 2) Store kernel version in include/linux/version.h 3) Symlink include/asm to include/asm-$(ARCH) 4) Updating all other prerequisites to the target prepare: - Additional prerequisites are specified in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile 5) Recursively descend down in all directories listed in init-* core* drivers-* net-* libs-* and build all targets. - - The value of the above variables are extended in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile. -6) All object files are then linked and the resulting file vmlinux is - located at the root of the src tree. + - The values of the above variables are expanded in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile. +6) All object files are then linked and the resulting file vmlinux is + located at the root of the obj tree. The very first objects linked are listed in head-y, assigned by arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile. -7) Finally the architecture specific part does any required post processing +7) Finally, the architecture specific part does any required post processing and builds the final bootimage. - This includes building boot records - - Preparing initrd images and the like + - Preparing initrd images and thelike --- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture @@ -760,7 +763,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): LDFLAGS := -m elf_s390 Note: EXTRA_LDFLAGS and LDFLAGS_$@ can be used to further customise the flags used. See chapter 7. - + LDFLAGS_MODULE Options for $(LD) when linking modules LDFLAGS_MODULE is used to set specific flags for $(LD) when @@ -770,7 +773,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): LDFLAGS_vmlinux Options for $(LD) when linking vmlinux LDFLAGS_vmlinux is used to specify additional flags to pass to - the linker when linking the final vmlinux. + the linker when linking the final vmlinux image. LDFLAGS_vmlinux uses the LDFLAGS_$@ support. Example: @@ -780,7 +783,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): OBJCOPYFLAGS objcopy flags When $(call if_changed,objcopy) is used to translate a .o file, - then the flags specified in OBJCOPYFLAGS will be used. + the flags specified in OBJCOPYFLAGS will be used. $(call if_changed,objcopy) is often used to generate raw binaries on vmlinux. @@ -792,7 +795,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): $(obj)/image: vmlinux FORCE $(call if_changed,objcopy) - In this example the binary $(obj)/image is a binary version of + In this example, the binary $(obj)/image is a binary version of vmlinux. The usage of $(call if_changed,xxx) will be described later. AFLAGS $(AS) assembler flags @@ -809,7 +812,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): Default value - see top level Makefile Append or modify as required per architecture. - Often the CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration. + Often, the CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration. Example: #arch/i386/Makefile @@ -830,7 +833,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): ... - The first examples utilises the trick that a config option expands + The first example utilises the trick that a config option expands to 'y' when selected. CFLAGS_KERNEL $(CC) options specific for built-in @@ -843,18 +846,18 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): $(CFLAGS_MODULE) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile code for loadable kernel modules. - + --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archprepare: - The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that needs to be + The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that need to be built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories. - This is usual header files containing assembler constants. + This is usually used for header files containing assembler constants. Example: #arch/arm/Makefile archprepare: maketools - In this example the file target maketools will be processed + In this example, the file target maketools will be processed before descending down in the subdirectories. See also chapter XXX-TODO that describe how kbuild supports generating offset header files. @@ -867,18 +870,19 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): corresponding arch-specific section for modules; the module-building machinery is all architecture-independent. - + head-y, init-y, core-y, libs-y, drivers-y, net-y - $(head-y) list objects to be linked first in vmlinux. - $(libs-y) list directories where a lib.a archive can be located. - The rest list directories where a built-in.o object file can be located. + $(head-y) lists objects to be linked first in vmlinux. + $(libs-y) lists directories where a lib.a archive can be located. + The rest lists directories where a built-in.o object file can be + located. $(init-y) objects will be located after $(head-y). Then the rest follows in this order: $(core-y), $(libs-y), $(drivers-y) and $(net-y). - The top level Makefile define values for all generic directories, + The top level Makefile defines values for all generic directories, and arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile only adds architecture specific directories. Example: @@ -915,27 +919,27 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): "$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=<dir>" is the recommended way to invoke make in a subdirectory. - There are no rules for naming of the architecture specific targets, + There are no rules for naming architecture specific targets, but executing "make help" will list all relevant targets. - To support this $(archhelp) must be defined. + To support this, $(archhelp) must be defined. Example: #arch/i386/Makefile define archhelp echo '* bzImage - Image (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/bzImage)' - endef + endif When make is executed without arguments, the first goal encountered will be built. In the top level Makefile the first goal present is all:. - An architecture shall always per default build a bootable image. - In "make help" the default goal is highlighted with a '*'. + An architecture shall always, per default, build a bootable image. + In "make help", the default goal is highlighted with a '*'. Add a new prerequisite to all: to select a default goal different from vmlinux. Example: #arch/i386/Makefile - all: bzImage + all: bzImage When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built. @@ -955,10 +959,10 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile extra-y := head.o init_task.o - In this example extra-y is used to list object files that + In this example, extra-y is used to list object files that shall be built, but shall not be linked as part of built-in.o. - + --- 6.6 Commands useful for building a boot image Kbuild provides a few macros that are useful when building a @@ -972,8 +976,8 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): target: source(s) FORCE $(call if_changed,ld/objcopy/gzip) - When the rule is evaluated it is checked to see if any files - needs an update, or the commandline has changed since last + When the rule is evaluated, it is checked to see if any files + needs an update, or the command line has changed since the last invocation. The latter will force a rebuild if any options to the executable have changed. Any target that utilises if_changed must be listed in $(targets), @@ -991,8 +995,8 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): #WRONG!# $(call if_changed, ld/objcopy/gzip) ld - Link target. Often LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld. - + Link target. Often, LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld. + objcopy Copy binary. Uses OBJCOPYFLAGS usually specified in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile. @@ -1010,10 +1014,10 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): $(obj)/setup $(obj)/bootsect: %: %.o FORCE $(call if_changed,ld) - In this example there are two possible targets, requiring different - options to the linker. the linker options are specified using the + In this example, there are two possible targets, requiring different + options to the linker. The linker options are specified using the LDFLAGS_$@ syntax - one for each potential target. - $(targets) are assinged all potential targets, herby kbuild knows + $(targets) are assinged all potential targets, by which kbuild knows the targets and will: 1) check for commandline changes 2) delete target during make clean @@ -1027,7 +1031,7 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): --- 6.7 Custom kbuild commands - When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE=0 then only a shorthand + When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE=0, then only a shorthand of a command is normally displayed. To enable this behaviour for custom commands kbuild requires two variables to be set: @@ -1045,34 +1049,34 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): $(call if_changed,image) @echo 'Kernel: $@ is ready' - When updating the $(obj)/bzImage target the line: + When updating the $(obj)/bzImage target, the line BUILD arch/i386/boot/bzImage will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=0". - + --- 6.8 Preprocessing linker scripts - When the vmlinux image is build the linker script: + When the vmlinux image is built, the linker script arch/$(ARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used. The script is a preprocessed variant of the file vmlinux.lds.S located in the same directory. - kbuild knows .lds file and includes a rule *lds.S -> *lds. - + kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule *lds.S -> *lds. + Example: #arch/i386/kernel/Makefile always := vmlinux.lds - + #Makefile export CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds += -P -C -U$(ARCH) - - The assigment to $(always) is used to tell kbuild to build the - target: vmlinux.lds. - The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tell kbuild to use the + + The assignment to $(always) is used to tell kbuild to build the + target vmlinux.lds. + The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tells kbuild to use the specified options when building the target vmlinux.lds. - - When building the *.lds target kbuild used the variakles: + + When building the *.lds target, kbuild uses the variables: CPPFLAGS : Set in top-level Makefile EXTRA_CPPFLAGS : May be set in the kbuild makefile CPPFLAGS_$(@F) : Target specific flags. @@ -1147,7 +1151,7 @@ The top Makefile exports the following variables: === 8 Makefile language -The kernel Makefiles are designed to run with GNU Make. The Makefiles +The kernel Makefiles are designed to be run with GNU Make. The Makefiles use only the documented features of GNU Make, but they do use many GNU extensions. @@ -1169,10 +1173,13 @@ is the right choice. Original version made by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, <mailto:mec@shout.net> Updates by Kai Germaschewski <kai@tp1.ruhr-uni-bochum.de> Updates by Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> +Language QA by Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@gmx.de> === 10 TODO -- Describe how kbuild support shipped files with _shipped. +- Describe how kbuild supports shipped files with _shipped. - Generating offset header files. - Add more variables to section 7? + + diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt index 61fc079..2e7702e 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.txt @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ In this document you will find information about: - how to build external modules -- how to make your module use kbuild infrastructure +- how to make your module use the kbuild infrastructure - how kbuild will install a kernel - how to install modules in a non-standard location @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In this document you will find information about: --- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH --- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR === 7. Module versioning & Module.symvers - --- 7.1 Symbols fron the kernel (vmlinux + modules) + --- 7.1 Symbols from the kernel (vmlinux + modules) --- 7.2 Symbols and external modules --- 7.3 Symbols from another external module === 8. Tips & Tricks @@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ In this document you will find information about: kbuild includes functionality for building modules both within the kernel source tree and outside the kernel source tree. -The latter is usually referred to as external modules and is used -both during development and for modules that are not planned to be -included in the kernel tree. +The latter is usually referred to as external or "out-of-tree" +modules and is used both during development and for modules that +are not planned to be included in the kernel tree. What is covered within this file is mainly information to authors -of modules. The author of an external modules should supply -a makefile that hides most of the complexity so one only has to type +of modules. The author of an external module should supply +a makefile that hides most of the complexity, so one only has to type 'make' to build the module. A complete example will be present in chapter 4, "Creating a kbuild file for an external module". @@ -63,14 +63,15 @@ when building an external module. For the running kernel use: make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=`pwd` - For the above command to succeed the kernel must have been built with - modules enabled. + For the above command to succeed, the kernel must have been + built with modules enabled. To install the modules that were just built: make -C <path-to-kernel> M=`pwd` modules_install - More complex examples later, the above should get you going. + More complex examples will be shown later, the above should + be enough to get you started. --- 2.2 Available targets @@ -89,13 +90,13 @@ when building an external module. Same functionality as if no target was specified. See description above. - make -C $KDIR M=$PWD modules_install + make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` modules_install Install the external module(s). Installation default is in /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/extra, but may be prefixed with INSTALL_MOD_PATH - see separate chapter. - make -C $KDIR M=$PWD clean + make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` clean Remove all generated files for the module - the kernel source directory is not modified. @@ -129,29 +130,28 @@ when building an external module. To make sure the kernel contains the information required to build external modules the target 'modules_prepare' must be used. - 'module_prepare' solely exists as a simple way to prepare - a kernel for building external modules. + 'module_prepare' exists solely as a simple way to prepare + a kernel source tree for building external modules. Note: modules_prepare will not build Module.symvers even if - CONFIG_MODULEVERSIONING is set. - Therefore a full kernel build needs to be executed to make - module versioning work. + CONFIG_MODULEVERSIONING is set. Therefore a full kernel build + needs to be executed to make module versioning work. --- 2.5 Building separate files for a module - It is possible to build single files which is part of a module. - This works equal for the kernel, a module and even for external - modules. + It is possible to build single files which are part of a module. + This works equally well for the kernel, a module and even for + external modules. Examples (module foo.ko, consist of bar.o, baz.o): make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` bar.lst make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` bar.o make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` foo.ko make -C $KDIR M=`pwd` / - + === 3. Example commands This example shows the actual commands to be executed when building an external module for the currently running kernel. -In the example below the distribution is supposed to use the +In the example below, the distribution is supposed to use the facility to locate output files for a kernel compile in a different directory than the kernel source - but the examples will also work when the source and the output files are mixed in the same directory. @@ -170,14 +170,14 @@ the following commands to build the module: O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build \ M=`pwd` -Then to install the module use the following command: +Then, to install the module use the following command: make -C /usr/src/`uname -r`/source \ O=/lib/modules/`uname-r`/build \ M=`pwd` \ modules_install -If one looks closely you will see that this is the same commands as +If you look closely you will see that this is the same command as listed before - with the directories spelled out. The above are rather long commands, and the following chapter @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ following files: endif - In example 1 the check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate + In example 1, the check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate the two parts of the Makefile. kbuild will only see the two assignments whereas make will see everything except the two kbuild assignments. @@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ following files: echo "X" > 8123_bin_shipped - In example 2 we are down to two fairly simple files and for simple + In example 2, we are down to two fairly simple files and for simple files as used in this example the split is questionable. But some external modules use Makefiles of several hundred lines and here it really pays off to separate the kbuild part from the rest. @@ -282,9 +282,9 @@ following files: endif - The trick here is to include the Kbuild file from Makefile so - if an older version of kbuild picks up the Makefile the Kbuild - file will be included. + The trick here is to include the Kbuild file from Makefile, so + if an older version of kbuild picks up the Makefile, the Kbuild + file will be included. --- 4.2 Binary blobs included in a module @@ -301,18 +301,19 @@ following files: obj-m := 8123.o 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o - In example 4 there is no distinction between the ordinary .c/.h files + In example 4, there is no distinction between the ordinary .c/.h files and the binary file. But kbuild will pick up different rules to create the .o file. === 5. Include files -Include files are a necessity when a .c file uses something from another .c -files (not strictly in the sense of .c but if good programming practice is -used). Any module that consist of more than one .c file will have a .h file -for one of the .c files. -- If the .h file only describes a module internal interface then the .h file +Include files are a necessity when a .c file uses something from other .c +files (not strictly in the sense of C, but if good programming practice is +used). Any module that consists of more than one .c file will have a .h file +for one of the .c files. + +- If the .h file only describes a module internal interface, then the .h file shall be placed in the same directory as the .c files. - If the .h files describe an interface used by other parts of the kernel located in different directories, the .h files shall be located in @@ -323,11 +324,11 @@ under include/ such as include/scsi. Another exception is arch-specific .h files which are located under include/asm-$(ARCH)/*. External modules have a tendency to locate include files in a separate include/ -directory and therefore needs to deal with this in their kbuild file. +directory and therefore need to deal with this in their kbuild file. --- 5.1 How to include files from the kernel include dir - When a module needs to include a file from include/linux/ then one + When a module needs to include a file from include/linux/, then one just uses: #include <linux/modules.h> @@ -348,7 +349,7 @@ directory and therefore needs to deal with this in their kbuild file. The trick here is to use either EXTRA_CFLAGS (take effect for all .c files) or CFLAGS_$F.o (take effect only for a single file). - In our example if we move 8123_if.h to a subdirectory named include/ + In our example, if we move 8123_if.h to a subdirectory named include/ the resulting Kbuild file would look like: --> filename: Kbuild @@ -362,19 +363,19 @@ directory and therefore needs to deal with this in their kbuild file. --- 5.3 External modules using several directories - If an external module does not follow the usual kernel style but - decide to spread files over several directories then kbuild can - support this too. + If an external module does not follow the usual kernel style, but + decides to spread files over several directories, then kbuild can + handle this too. Consider the following example: - + | +- src/complex_main.c | +- hal/hardwareif.c | +- hal/include/hardwareif.h +- include/complex.h - - To build a single module named complex.ko we then need the following + + To build a single module named complex.ko, we then need the following kbuild file: Kbuild: @@ -387,12 +388,12 @@ directory and therefore needs to deal with this in their kbuild file. kbuild knows how to handle .o files located in another directory - - although this is NOT reccommended practice. The syntax is to specify + although this is NOT recommended practice. The syntax is to specify the directory relative to the directory where the Kbuild file is located. - To find the .h files we have to explicitly tell kbuild where to look - for the .h files. When kbuild executes current directory is always + To find the .h files, we have to explicitly tell kbuild where to look + for the .h files. When kbuild executes, the current directory is always the root of the kernel tree (argument to -C) and therefore we have to tell kbuild how to find the .h files using absolute paths. $(src) will specify the absolute path to the directory where the @@ -412,7 +413,7 @@ External modules are installed in the directory: --- 6.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH - Above are the default directories, but as always some level of + Above are the default directories, but as always, some level of customization is possible. One can prefix the path using the variable INSTALL_MOD_PATH: @@ -420,17 +421,17 @@ External modules are installed in the directory: => Install dir: /frodo/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel INSTALL_MOD_PATH may be set as an ordinary shell variable or as in the - example above be specified on the command line when calling make. + example above, can be specified on the command line when calling make. INSTALL_MOD_PATH has effect both when installing modules included in the kernel as well as when installing external modules. --- 6.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR - When installing external modules they are default installed in a + When installing external modules they are by default installed to a directory under /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra, but one may wish to locate modules for a specific functionality in a separate - directory. For this purpose one can use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an - alternative name than 'extra'. + directory. For this purpose, one can use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an + alternative name to 'extra'. $ make INSTALL_MOD_DIR=gandalf -C KERNELDIR \ M=`pwd` modules_install @@ -444,16 +445,16 @@ Module versioning is enabled by the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS tag. Module versioning is used as a simple ABI consistency check. The Module versioning creates a CRC value of the full prototype for an exported symbol and when a module is loaded/used then the CRC values contained in the kernel are -compared with similar values in the module. If they are not equal then the +compared with similar values in the module. If they are not equal, then the kernel refuses to load the module. Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build. --- 7.1 Symbols fron the kernel (vmlinux + modules) - During a kernel build a file named Module.symvers will be generated. + During a kernel build, a file named Module.symvers will be generated. Module.symvers contains all exported symbols from the kernel and - compiled modules. For each symbols the corresponding CRC value + compiled modules. For each symbols, the corresponding CRC value is stored too. The syntax of the Module.symvers file is: @@ -461,27 +462,27 @@ Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build. Sample: 0x2d036834 scsi_remove_host drivers/scsi/scsi_mod - For a kernel build without CONFIG_MODVERSIONING enabled the crc + For a kernel build without CONFIG_MODVERSIONS enabled, the crc would read: 0x00000000 - Module.symvers serve two purposes. - 1) It list all exported symbols both from vmlinux and all modules - 2) It list CRC if CONFIG_MODVERSION is enabled + Module.symvers serves two purposes: + 1) It lists all exported symbols both from vmlinux and all modules + 2) It lists the CRC if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is enabled --- 7.2 Symbols and external modules - When building an external module the build system needs access to + When building an external module, the build system needs access to the symbols from the kernel to check if all external symbols are defined. This is done in the MODPOST step and to obtain all - symbols modpost reads Module.symvers from the kernel. + symbols, modpost reads Module.symvers from the kernel. If a Module.symvers file is present in the directory where - the external module is being build this file will be read too. - During the MODPOST step a new Module.symvers file will be written - containing all exported symbols that was not defined in the kernel. - + the external module is being built, this file will be read too. + During the MODPOST step, a new Module.symvers file will be written + containing all exported symbols that were not defined in the kernel. + --- 7.3 Symbols from another external module - Sometimes one external module uses exported symbols from another + Sometimes, an external module uses exported symbols from another external module. Kbuild needs to have full knowledge on all symbols to avoid spitting out warnings about undefined symbols. Two solutions exist to let kbuild know all symbols of more than @@ -490,15 +491,15 @@ Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build. impractical in certain situations. Use a top-level Kbuild file - If you have two modules: 'foo', 'bar' and 'foo' needs symbols - from 'bar' then one can use a common top-level kbuild file so - both modules are compiled in same build. + If you have two modules: 'foo' and 'bar', and 'foo' needs + symbols from 'bar', then one can use a common top-level kbuild + file so both modules are compiled in same build. Consider following directory layout: ./foo/ <= contains the foo module ./bar/ <= contains the bar module The top-level Kbuild file would then look like: - + #./Kbuild: (this file may also be named Makefile) obj-y := foo/ bar/ @@ -509,23 +510,23 @@ Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build. knowledge on symbols from both modules. Use an extra Module.symvers file - When an external module is build a Module.symvers file is + When an external module is built, a Module.symvers file is generated containing all exported symbols which are not defined in the kernel. - To get access to symbols from module 'bar' one can copy the + To get access to symbols from module 'bar', one can copy the Module.symvers file from the compilation of the 'bar' module - to the directory where the 'foo' module is build. - During the module build kbuild will read the Module.symvers + to the directory where the 'foo' module is built. + During the module build, kbuild will read the Module.symvers file in the directory of the external module and when the - build is finished a new Module.symvers file is created + build is finished, a new Module.symvers file is created containing the sum of all symbols defined and not part of the kernel. - + === 8. Tips & Tricks --- 8.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR - Modules often needs to check for certain CONFIG_ options to decide if + Modules often need to check for certain CONFIG_ options to decide if a specific feature shall be included in the module. When kbuild is used this is done by referencing the CONFIG_ variable directly. @@ -537,7 +538,7 @@ Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel build. External modules have traditionally used grep to check for specific CONFIG_ settings directly in .config. This usage is broken. - As introduced before external modules shall use kbuild when building - and therefore can use the same methods as in-kernel modules when testing - for CONFIG_ definitions. + As introduced before, external modules shall use kbuild when building + and therefore can use the same methods as in-kernel modules when + testing for CONFIG_ definitions. diff --git a/Documentation/sparse.txt b/Documentation/sparse.txt index 5a311c3..f9c99c9 100644 --- a/Documentation/sparse.txt +++ b/Documentation/sparse.txt @@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ recompiled, or use "make C=2" to run sparse on the files whether they need to be recompiled or not. The latter is a fast way to check the whole tree if you have already built it. -The optional make variable CF can be used to pass arguments to sparse. The -build system passes -Wbitwise to sparse automatically. To perform endianness -checks, you may define __CHECK_ENDIAN__: +The optional make variable CHECKFLAGS can be used to pass arguments to sparse. +The build system passes -Wbitwise to sparse automatically. To perform +endianness checks, you may define __CHECK_ENDIAN__: - make C=2 CF="-D__CHECK_ENDIAN__" + make C=2 CHECKFLAGS="-D__CHECK_ENDIAN__" These checks are disabled by default as they generate a host of warnings. |