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2011-03-23calibrate: retry with wider bounds when converge seems to failPhil Carmody
Systems with unmaskable interrupts such as SMIs may massively underestimate loops_per_jiffy, and fail to converge anywhere near the real value. A case seen on x86_64 was an initial estimate of 256<<12, which converged to 511<<12 where the real value should have been over 630<<12. This admitedly requires bypassing the TSC calibration (lpj_fine), and a failure to settle in the direct calibration too, but is physically possible. This failure does not depend on my previous calibration optimisation, but by luck is easy to fix with the optimisation in place with a trivial retry loop. In the context of the optimised converging method, as we can no longer trust the starting estimate, enlarge the search bounds exponentially so that the number of retries is logarithmically bounded. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: mention x86_64 SMIs in comment] Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Tested-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org> Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-23calibrate: home in on correct lpj value more quicklyPhil Carmody
Binary chop with a jiffy-resync on each step to find an upper bound is slow, so just race in a tight-ish loop to find an underestimate. If done with lots of individual steps, sometimes several hundreds of iterations would be required, which would impose a significant overhead, and make the initial estimate very low. By taking slowly increasing steps there will be less overhead. E.g. an x86_64 2.67GHz could have fitted in 613 individual small delays, but in reality should have been able to fit in a single delay 644 times longer, so underestimated by 31 steps. To reach the equivalent of 644 small delays with the accelerating scheme now requires about 130 iterations, so has <1/4th of the overhead, and can therefore be expected to underestimate by only 7 steps. As now we have a better initial estimate we can binary chop over a smaller range. With the loop overhead in the initial estimate kept low, and the step sizes moderate, we won't have under-estimated by much, so chose as tight a range as we can. Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Tested-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org> Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-03-23calibrate: extract fall-back calculation into own helperPhil Carmody
The motivation for this patch series is that currently our OMAP calibrates itself using the trial-and-error binary chop fallback that some other architectures no longer need to perform. This is a lengthy process, taking 0.2s in an environment where boot time is of great interest. Patch 2/4 has two optimisations. Firstly, it replaces the initial repeated- doubling to find the relevant power of 2 with a tight loop that just does as much as it can in a jiffy. Secondly, it doesn't binary chop over an entire power of 2 range, it choses a much smaller range based on how much it squeezed in, and failed to squeeze in, during the first stage. Both are significant optimisations, and bring our calibration down from 23 jiffies to 5, and, in the process, often arrive at a more accurate lpj value. The 'bands' and 'sub-logarithmic' growth may look over-engineered, but they only cost a small level of inaccuracy in the initial guess (for all architectures) in order to avoid the very large inaccuracies that appeared during testing (on x86_64 architectures, and presumably others with less metronomic operation). Note that due to the existence of the TSC and other timers, the x86_64 will not typically use this fallback routine, but I wanted to code defensively, able to cope with all kinds of processor behaviours and kernel command line options. Patch 3/4 is an additional trap for the nightmare scenario where the initial estimate is very inaccurate, possibly due to things like SMIs. It simply retries with a larger bound. Stephen said: I tried this patch set out on an MSM7630. : : Before: : : Calibrating delay loop... 681.57 BogoMIPS (lpj=3407872) : : After: : : Calibrating delay loop... 680.75 BogoMIPS (lpj=3403776) : : But the really good news is calibration time dropped from ~247ms to ~56ms. : Sadly we won't be able to benefit from this should my udelay patches make : it into ARM because we would be using calibrate_delay_direct() instead (at : least on machines who choose to). Can we somehow reapply the logic behind : this to calibrate_delay_direct()? That would be even better, but this is : definitely a boot time improvement. : : Or maybe we could just replace calibrate_delay_direct() with this fallback : calculation? If __delay() is a thin wrapper around read_current_timer() : it should work just as well (plus patch 3 makes it handle SMIs). I'll try : that out. This patch: ... so that it can be modified more clinically. This is almost entirely cosmetic. The only change to the operation is that the global variable is only set once after the estimation is completed, rather than taking on all the intermediate values. However, there are no readers of that variable, so this change is unimportant. Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Tested-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@codeaurora.org> Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-02-10fix jiffy calculations in calibrate_delay_direct to handle overflowTim Deegan
Fixes a hang when booting as dom0 under Xen, when jiffies can be quite large by the time the kernel init gets this far. Signed-off-by: Tim Deegan <Tim.Deegan@citrix.com> [jbeulich@novell.com: !time_after() -> time_before_eq() as suggested by Jiri Slaby] Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com> Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz> Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org> Cc: stable@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2009-11-26timers, init: Limit the number of per cpu calibration bootup messagesMike Travis
Limit the number of per cpu calibration messages by only printing out results for the first cpu to boot. Also, don't print "CPUx is down" as this is expected, and we don't need 4096 reminders... ;-) Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Roland Dreier <rdreier@cisco.com> Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yhlu.kernel@gmail.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> LKML-Reference: <20091118002219.889552000@alcatraz.americas.sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
2008-07-28x86: remove stray <6> in BogoMIPS printkJoe Perches
Rabin Vincent noticed that there's a stray <6> in BogoMIPS printk: > Remove the extra KERN_INFO which causes this: > Calibrating delay loop... <6>179.40 BogoMIPS (lpj=897024) > - printk(KERN_INFO "%lu.%02lu BogoMIPS (lpj=%lu)\n", > - loops_per_jiffy/(500000/HZ), > - (loops_per_jiffy/(5000/HZ)) % 100, loops_per_jiffy); > + printk("%lu.%02lu BogoMIPS (lpj=%lu)\n", > + loops_per_jiffy/(500000/HZ), > + (loops_per_jiffy/(5000/HZ)) % 100, loops_per_jiffy); > } How about just using KERN_CONT and leaving the whitespace for a patch that does the entire file? Reported-by: Rabin Vincent <rabin@rab.in>
2008-06-24x86: use cpu_khz for loops_per_jiffy calculation, cleanupAlok Kataria
As suggested by Ingo, remove all references to tsc from init/calibrate.c TSC is x86 specific, and using tsc in variable names in a generic file should be avoided. lpj_tsc is now called lpj_fine, since it is related to fine tuning of lpj value. Also tsc_rate_* is called timer_rate_* Signed-off-by: Alok N Kataria <akataria@vmware.com> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org> Cc: Daniel Hecht <dhecht@vmware.com> Cc: Tim Mann <mann@vmware.com> Cc: Zach Amsden <zach@vmware.com> Cc: Sahil Rihan <srihan@vmware.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
2008-06-23x86: use cpu_khz for loops_per_jiffy calculationAlok Kataria
On the x86 platform we can use the value of tsc_khz computed during tsc calibration to calculate the loops_per_jiffy value. Its very important to keep the error in lpj values to minimum as any error in that may result in kernel panic in check_timer. In virtualization environment, On a highly overloaded host the guest delay calibration may sometimes result in errors beyond the ~50% that timer_irq_works can handle, resulting in the guest panicking. Does some formating changes to lpj_setup code to now have a single printk to print the bogomips value. We do this only for the boot processor because the AP's can have different base frequencies or the BIOS might boot a AP at a different frequency. Signed-off-by: Alok N Kataria <akataria@vmware.com> Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org> Cc: Daniel Hecht <dhecht@vmware.com> Cc: Tim Mann <mann@vmware.com> Cc: Zach Amsden <zach@vmware.com> Cc: Sahil Rihan <srihan@vmware.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
2008-02-06calibrate_delay() must be __cpuinitAdrian Bunk
calibrate_delay() must be __cpuinit, not __{dev,}init. I've verified that this is correct for all users. While doing the latter, I also did the following cleanups: - remove pointless additional prototypes in C files - ensure all users #include <linux/delay.h> This fixes the following section mismatches with CONFIG_HOTPLUG=n, CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y: WARNING: vmlinux.o(.text+0x1128d): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text.1:calibrate_delay (between 'check_cx686_slop' and 'set_cx86_reorder') WARNING: vmlinux.o(.text+0x25102): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text.1:calibrate_delay (between 'smp_callin' and 'cpu_coregroup_map') Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org> Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru> Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Christian Zankel <chris@zankel.net> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-02-06read_current_timer() cleanupsAndrew Morton
- All implementations can be __devinit - The function prototypes were in asm/timex.h but they all must be the same, so create a single declaration in linux/timex.h. - uninline the sparc64 version to match the other architectures - Don't bother #defining ARCH_HAS_READ_CURRENT_TIMER to a particular value. [ezk@cs.sunysb.edu: fix build] Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Haavard Skinnemoen <hskinnemoen@atmel.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-16slow down printk during bootRandy Dunlap
Optionally add a boot delay after each kernel printk() call, crudely measured in milliseconds, with a maximum delay of 10 seconds per printk. Enable CONFIG_BOOT_PRINTK_DELAY=y and then add (e.g.): "lpj=loops_per_jiffy boot_delay=100" to the kernel command line. It has been useful in cases like "during boot, my machine just reboots or the screen goes black" by slowing down printk, (and adding initcall_debug), we can usually see the last thing that happened before the lights went out which is usually a valuable clue. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: not all architectures implement CONFIG_HZ] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix lots of stuff] [bunk@stusta.de: kernel/printk.c: make 2 variables static] [heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com: fix slow down printk on boot compile error] Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de> Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-14[PATCH] remove many unneeded #includes of sched.hTim Schmielau
After Al Viro (finally) succeeded in removing the sched.h #include in module.h recently, it makes sense again to remove other superfluous sched.h includes. There are quite a lot of files which include it but don't actually need anything defined in there. Presumably these includes were once needed for macros that used to live in sched.h, but moved to other header files in the course of cleaning it up. To ease the pain, this time I did not fiddle with any header files and only removed #includes from .c-files, which tend to cause less trouble. Compile tested against 2.6.20-rc2 and 2.6.20-rc2-mm2 (with offsets) on alpha, arm, i386, ia64, mips, powerpc, and x86_64 with allnoconfig, defconfig, allmodconfig, and allyesconfig as well as a few randconfigs on x86_64 and all configs in arch/arm/configs on arm. I also checked that no new warnings were introduced by the patch (actually, some warnings are removed that were emitted by unnecessarily included header files). Signed-off-by: Tim Schmielau <tim@physik3.uni-rostock.de> Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2005-06-23[PATCH] Platform SMIs and their interferance with tsc based delay calibrationVenkatesh Pallipadi
Issue: Current tsc based delay_calibration can result in significant errors in loops_per_jiffy count when the platform events like SMIs (System Management Interrupts that are non-maskable) are present. This could lead to potential kernel panic(). This issue is becoming more visible with 2.6 kernel (as default HZ is 1000) and on platforms with higher SMI handling latencies. During the boot time, SMIs are mostly used by BIOS (for things like legacy keyboard emulation). Description: The psuedocode for current delay calibration with tsc based delay looks like (0) Estimate a value for loops_per_jiffy (1) While (loops_per_jiffy estimate is accurate enough) (2) wait for jiffy transition (jiffy1) (3) Note down current tsc (tsc1) (4) loop until tsc becomes tsc1 + loops_per_jiffy (5) check whether jiffy changed since jiffy1 or not and refine loops_per_jiffy estimate Consider the following cases Case 1: If SMIs happen between (2) and (3) above, we can end up with a loops_per_jiffy value that is too low. This results in shorted delays and kernel can panic () during boot (Mostly at IOAPIC timer initialization timer_irq_works() as we don't have enough timer interrupts in a specified interval). Case 2: If SMIs happen between (3) and (4) above, then we can end up with a loops_per_jiffy value that is too high. And with current i386 code, too high lpj value (greater than 17M) can result in a overflow in delay.c:__const_udelay() again resulting in shorter delay and panic(). Solution: The patch below makes the calibration routine aware of asynchronous events like SMIs. We increase the delay calibration time and also identify any significant errors (greater than 12.5%) in the calibration and notify it to user. Patch below changes both i386 and x86-64 architectures to use this new and improved calibrate_delay_direct() routine. Signed-off-by: Venkatesh Pallipadi <venkatesh.pallipadi@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2005-04-16Linux-2.6.12-rc2Linus Torvalds
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history, even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about 3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good infrastructure for it. Let it rip!